Olena Pimenova, post-graduate
student
Taras Shevchenko Kiev National University,
Department of enterprise
Tel.:3617062, 0503125692
scientific
adviser: prof., doctor of economics
Mazur
I.I.
Abstract. Peasant
economy in the system of Food Environment is examined. New ways for understanding
economic sense of economy
are determined. The difference between
peasant economy, farm and entrepreneur is shown. Influence of peasant economy
on food environment is described. Main directions
of development of peasant economies and
farms under conditions of agricultural co-operation are found. The
importance
of
the
development of agricultural co-operation is approved.
Key words: economy, peasant economy,
farm, entrepreneur, agriculture, cooperation, philosophy
of economy, food environment.
Introduction. Nowadays in the condition of improving an effectiveness of agrarian production in Ukraine, which on the one hand should provide the country with quality food and with development of small-scale business
in agriculture, and on the other hand with an increasing a part of export of quality
agricultural products, an important point is not only a choice of right form of economy but also an understanding the sense of economy.
Literature background. Among world scholars,
who investigated the problem of economy, are: M. Berdyajev, S. Bulgakov, V.
Vernadsky, M. Tugan-Baranovsky, A. Chayanov, J. Schumpeter and others.
Among
modern scholars, who investigated the problem of economy, are: V. Bazilevich,
N. Grazhevska, I. Vinogradova, V, Kondrashova-Didenko, I. Mazur, A. Maslov, E.
Mirgorodska, L. Moldavan, I. Nazarov,
J. Osipov, I. Polubina, S. turischev and others.
But
in spite of quantity of scientific works not only in the philosophy of economy
the problem of economy and economy-keeping in agriculture studied not enough.
The aim of the study. The aim of this work is open an economy-keeping like economic category,
to see the importance of peasant economy in agricultural quality food
production.
Methods of the study. Methodological
basis of the study are general scientific methods, which show a development of
agricultural food production and peasant economy. In the research are used ways
of abstractedly logistic methods: the method of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction,
analogy and comparison. In analytic study of valuation of development of
agricultural cooperation and competition of agriculture of Ukraine are used
methods of comparative analysis, statistical methods, table description of
information.
Main text of the study. Full
text will be in the full paper study.
People from the very beginning
should keep the economy, due to complete dependence from the earth, from the results
of their activity, from the economy-keeping on the earth. First theoretic works as to the forms of
organization of peasant economy appeared in the Eastern Europe literature at
the end of XIX century. In accordance
with theorists, who studied problems of peasant economy, among them are S.
Bulgakov, A. Chayanov, I. Polubina, I. Vinogradova for western school peasant
economy wasn’t a subject of investigation due to, as pointed S. Bulgakov in his
work “Capitalism and agriculture”, for classic school of politeconomy of D.
Ricardo, A. Smith there wasn’t peasant economy, K. Marks considered it like
historical survival.
So, the theory of peasant economy
began to form in the works of Eastern Europe scholars at the end of XIX century together
with the process of forming in agriculture capitalistic market attitudes.
Problems of peasant economy in agriculture are presented in works of such
scholars as: S. Bulgakov, I. Vernadsky, M. Bunge, E. Slutsky, M. Ziber, M.
Tugan-Baranovsky, A. Chayanov, A. Antonovich and others.
Fundamentally new approaches for
investigation economy and economy-economic aspects of public development were
presented in fundamental work of S. Bulgakov “Philosophy of economy”. This work
is devoted to understanding main philosophy-economic principals of human
development on the earth, the sense of man’s life and the end task of economic
activity. Scholar firstly examine world like economy, pointed that human life
it’s firstly the economic process. S.
Bulgakov examined world like: human work activity, art and creative human
activity, pointed that man is in the centre of Universe, he is a macrocosmos,
which influence on microcosmos; necessity of economy-keeping like struggle for
existence; spiritual life, creative attitude man to nature.
Man is free sentient being and should independently organize the economy.
As to S. Bulgakov, work is the basis of economy. “Work is the basis of economy, because
through the work occurs the process of economy”. “Work is a high beginning of economy life”. S. Bulgakov pointed that economy it’s a labor man’s activity and namely work is a factor, which determines economic man’s activity.
Special form of agricultural organization is
peasant economy. Peasant economy in accordance with theorists, who studied problems of peasant economy, namely S. Bulgakov, A. Chayanov, is a such economy the basis of which is family of peasant, which in the process of economy-keeping doesn’t use hired labour, but uses only the work of own family. S. Bulgakov in his work
“Capitalism and agriculture” pointed that peasant economy rather differs from
farming and should be the subject of special scientific study as independent
form of agricultural production. Motives of economy-keeping and the nature of
peasant economy as well as difference from farming were investigated and
described at the begging by S. Bulgakov in the work “Capitalism and
agriculture” (1900 y.) and then the results of scientific searches of A. Chayanov build the
complete theory of peasant economy organization. First publication of his work “Study about peasant economy” was
published firstly in Berlin in German in 1923year. Main place among his works takes “Organization of peasant economy”
(1925 y.). Studied the nature and motives of peasant economy A.
Chayanov came to a conclusion that peasant economy fundamentally differs from
farming. The basis of peasant economy
is a work of peasant and his family. A peasant (householder) is a master. His
work very creative and includes administrative,
management and he do the work because, as A. Chayanov pointed, the task of his
work is a satisfaction of own and family needs. Peasant’s family in the result
of their activity receives not a profit on capital, but labor income. Master should decide what produce, how to produce,
how many, job stop applications in accordance with weather conditions and he is
the main worker. His work is very creative. Theorists (S. Bulgakov, A.
Chayanov), who investigated peasant economy, as a form of production, pointed,
that food production, which were produced in peasant economies had more higher
quality than a production from other capitalistic companies. Prices of food
production from peasant economy often are lower than from capitalistic
companies.
Main difference
between peasant economy and farming are presented in the table 1:
The difference between peasant economy and farming
Table1
|
Farming |
Peasant economy |
|
1. Task – to receive profit and receive payment for labor activity; 2. Motive – profit criterion; 3. Task – increase of production,
receive extra profit; 4. Basis of production – capital; 5. Result – profit on capital; 6. Expansion of production – theoretically unlimited (in condition of
success, capital and enough earth). |
Task – satisfaction of family needs; Motive – organization production plan, which is ombination of money budget, labor balance in different branch if activity, turnover of money products; Task – provide with a possibility to exist of family by the way of maximum using family labor activity; Basis of production – work; Result – earned income; Expansion
of production – limited by the quantity of family workers and needs satisfaction. |
Source: proposed
by author.
So, a farming and
peasant economy are producers of agricultural products. But in spite of farming,
which is a form of enterprise and its task is receive a profit, the basis of
peasant economy is work and earned income and its task is satisfaction of
family needs.
Conclusions. So, agriculture has its own specificity and differs
from other branches of economy, due to it in agriculture should dominate and
develop, for our mind, namely economy (not business), which is based on peasant
economies and farms. Farms and peasant economies could provide a country with
quality, organic and ecological food products. An important way of development
of peasant economies and farms, in accordance with S. Bulgakov, A. Chayanov, is
creation and development an agricultural cooperation.
So, an “economy-keeping”, for our mind, like economic category in
agriculture it’s an activity, which provide with a realization a complex
functions: economic, social and ecologic and connected with agricultural
production, where farmer or peasant take own work place in the process of
production viz. administrative, management and do the work.