Medical
sciences / public health services
As. prof. Dubitskiy A.A.
Medical university Astana, Kazakhstan
PUBLIC HEALTH AND PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
IN REPUBLIC KAZAKHSTAN
The public health services in the
different countries and at various times were meant as various structures -
from providing supervision over a sanitary-and-epidemiologic condition of a society to the ministries which are responsible
for the organization of medical aid and health of the population.
Now in the majority of the countries
of the world concept the public health services get the similar maintenance.
Public health and public health
services - the section of medicine studying influence of social factors on a
state of health of the population. It is the theoretical basis of public health
services including questions prevention of illness, prolongation of life and
health protection, maintenance of a condition of optimum ability to live at the
expense of organized effort of a society in following directions [1, 2]:
- Improvement of environment and
sanitary control;
- Control mass infections;
- Population education to health and
hygiene questions;
- The organization of medical aid
and care of patients;
- Early diagnostics and prevention
of dangerous illnesses;
- Distribution of the social
blessings so that each citizen could realize the right to health and longevity;
- Development of social services;
- Maintenance to everyone a worthy
standard of living, for health maintenance.
Development of public health
services - today one of priorities of system of public health services of the
developed countries.
The public health
services in Kazakhstan are characterized by absence of harmonious system of
interaction between existing structures and accurate distribution of functions
concerning public health services. In system of Ministry of Health of Republic
Kazakhstan in concept public health services join:
- Profile scientific
research institutes;
- Higher educational institutions;
- Institute of
development of public health services;
- The higher school of
public health services;
- The national Center of
problems of formation of a healthy way of life;
- Local controls public
health services;
- The public health
services organizations;
- Committee of the state
sanitary-and-epidemiologic supervision;
- The national center
quarantine and зоонозных infections;
- 239 bodies of
supervision and 225 bodies of control.
The basic sections of
public health services:
- A honey agarics of a
state of health of the population and public health services system;
- Studying and control
of infectious diseases;
- Noninfectious diseases
and struggle against them;
- Family health;
- The specialized help
to the population;
- Hygiene of a food.
- Influence of
environment on health of the population and occupational diseases;
- The organization of
system, public health services;
- Public health services
economy;
- Personnel resources;
- The international
aspects of public health care.
Measurement and
estimation of a state of health of the population and public health services
system:
Epidemiological
approaches:
- The description of
distribution and scale of the problems connected with illnesses;
- Revealing of the data
necessary for planning, introduction and maintenance of services in preventive
maintenance, control and treatment disease, to a choice of priorities in
activity of services.
Demographic approaches:
- Studying of number and
structure of the population, reproduction of the population, indicators of a
potential demography;
- The disease analysis;
- An estimation of
influence of the organization and health services financing on population
health;
- An estimation of
knowledge, relations and behavioral stereotypes;
- An estimation of
influence of environment on health;
- Use of biostatistics
for gathering, descriptions, studying of the data and forecasting of results;
- Supervision, the
account and the publication of the data.
Studying and control of
infectious and noninfectious illnesses and struggle against them.
Infectious diseases:
- Kinds, ways of
distribution and preventive maintenance methods;
- Revealing and
registration;
- Epidemiological
control;
- Destruction of infectious
diseases (the immunization program, monitoring, sanitary-educational work with
the population).
Noninfectious illnesses:
- Studying of indicators
of prevalence of chronic diseases (СD);
- An estimation of risk
factors and studying of etiology СD;
- Struggle against
noninfectious illnesses: programs of primary, secondary and tertiary preventive
maintenance;
- Studying of social and
economic consequences СD.
Health of a family and
separate groups the population:
- Specific aspects of
health protection of members of a family at different stages of life;
- Studying of problems
of health of the woman and the man;
- Studying of problems
of health of children (all age groups);
- Studying of problems
of health of adults;
- Studying of problems
of health of the elderly;
- Formation of strategy
of public health services for each stage of life of members of a family;
- Definition of specific
aspects of public health services of various groups of the population (the
invalids concluded, refugees, migrants, military medicine, medicine of
accidents);
- Working out of
programs of activity governmental and not governmental the organizations for
the decision of specific problems of public health services of separate groups
of the population.
Hygiene of a food:
- Studying of
relationships of cause and effect between a food and a state of health;
- Regulation and
maintenance with a good food of separate people and a society in whole (a food
of the woman in pregnancy, a food of newborns and children etc.);
- Studying of relationships
of cause and effect between a food and social and economic development of the
state and a community (the politician of food supply and a food, quality of
foodstuff and safety etc.).
Influence of environment
on health of the population and occupational diseases:
- Studying of factors of
the environment menacing to health and consequences of anthropogenous
influences on environment;
- Sanitary-and-hygienic
actions and preservation of the environment;
- Revealing, studying
and preventive maintenance of occupational diseases (work medicine).
The organization,
planning and management in public health services system:
- Distribution of the
power and responsibility for health between various levels of the state;
- Principles and
features of financing of public health services on each of levels;
- The organization of
programs of preventive maintenance and strengthening of health by public health
services departments;
- Introduction of
principles of strengthening of health of the population in work of concrete
medical institutions;
- A policy of public
health services and planning questions, the management theory;
- The management focused
on performance of certain problems, organizational models;
- Strategic management
of public health services system;
- Models of the
organization of medical institution;
- Marketing in public
health services.
Public health services
economy:
- Studying of main
principles of economy of public health services (state financing, health
services cost, illness cost, structure of the general expenses in public health
services, health services and hospitalization economy);
- Application of methods
of the economic analysis to alternative systems of medical maintenance;
- Value of the economic
analysis in public health services.
Personnel resources of
public health services:
- Formation of personnel
selection in the field of public health services;
- Personnel
administration of public health services and planning in the field of
preparation of professional shots;
- An estimation of
programs of preparation of medical shots;
- System of
certification and licensing in the field of medicine and public health
services;
- The international
standards and requirements to medical educational institutions;
- System of continuous
professional development and training In public health services and its
management.
Public health services.
Social hygiene and the public health services organizations:
- Planning and management to public
health services system;
- The organization of system of
public health services;
- Public health services economy;
- Personnel resources of public
health services;
- The international aspects of
health protection;
- Health of separate groups of the
population.
The higher school of public health
services:
- In the field of training: prepares
new generation of leaders of the public health services, capable to estimate
its problem, to formulate the purposes, strategy and to carry out them in
practice;
- In the field of research: it urged
to develop and extend theoretical and applied knowledge of a population state
of health in Kazakhstan and its risk factors, to promote carrying out of a
rational policy, planning and management of public health care systems;
- In the field of social service: to
support controls at local, regional and republican levels, and also not the
state organizations in the analysis and realization of the policy directed on
improvement of a state of health of the population.
The national center of factory
hygiene and occupational diseases: a main objective is carrying out fundamental
and applied researches in the field of medicine of work, industrial ecology, an
anthropogenous pathology and increase of adaptation of an organism to changing
conditions industrial and environment, the organization of works on revealing,
preventive maintenance, treatment and an expert estimation of patients with
occupational diseases.
The national Center of
problems of formation of a healthy way of life:
- Working out and
introduction of scientific researches concerning formation of a healthy way of
life, and also economy, management and public health services reforming;
- Working out of
republican and regional target programs of formation of a healthy way of life,
preventive maintenance and struggle against bad habits, hygienic education of
the population and environment improvement;
- Carrying out of
sociological researches in regions by definition of level of health of the
population, influence of harmful factors and other workings out on the basis of
these given recommendations about introduction of principles of a healthy way
of life, etc.
Thus, the problem
questions facing public health services of Republic Kazakhstan:
- Absence of
coordination of activity of the centers of science, prosecuting subjects of
public health services (an activity principal view);
- Duplication of
researches and area of public health services;
- Absence in profile
research divisions of public health services;
- Creation of uniform
body on coordination of activity of the organizations of public health
services;
- Accurate distribution
of sphere of researches;
- Integration with
chairs to degree and after degree formation;
- Creation at all
profile scientific research institutes of structures on carrying out of
researches in the field of public health services.
The literature:
1. A healthy way of life
(the methodical grant.) the British Department on the international development
at embassy of Great Britain in Republic Kazakhstan. - Almaty, 2001. - p. 155.
2. Bajgenzhin A.K.,
O.T.Zhuzzhanov. Investments into health of the person – a basis of development
of a society. – Astana, 2006. - 263 p.