Философия/ 1.Философия литературы и искусства.
Fedoricheva I.A.
the graduate student of chair
of world philosophy and esthetics
of the Volodymyr Dahl East
Ukrainian National University
Phenomenological
Aesthetics of Edmund Husserl
Phenomenological aesthetics is
a flagship of modern aesthetics developed in the early 30's. and based on the
phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), who is considered the founder of
the transcendental phenomenology, which is developing a method of
phenomenological reduction, which later became quite relevant in aesthetic
theory.
Although Husserl didn't
develop aesthetic doctrine in his research in a sufficient way, he frequently
turned to art to support his theory and his whole concept is of an aesthetic
nature. The first attempts to adopt phenomenology to the field of aesthetics
have been made in the works of Conrad, M. Geiger, R. Oderbrehta etc.
The term
"phenomenology" was used by Kant and Hegel, but it became really
widespread due to Husserl, who created a large-scale project of the
phenomenological philosophy. The main point of phenomenology is an appeal to
the things themselves, free from verbal conglomeration. That project has played
an important role both in the German and the French philosophy of the first
half and in the middle of the twentieth century.
The problem of
intentionality of consciousness, the search for sense of the world is important
in the theory of Husserl. The purpose of the intentional analysis of
consciousness is to identify and study those acts of consciousness, which are
involved in understanding and transformation (in the phenomenological
terminology - the constitution) of reality. The term "intentionality"
describes not a thing, but human thought or action. Synonymous with the concept
of "intentionality" are concepts such as "willful",
"made with a purpose." It should be noted that the truth of thinking, describing the intentional
actions, expressing hopes, expectations, doubts, fear, etc. does not allow to
make conclusions about the existence or non-existence of what the action is
directed to.
Distinctiveness of
intentional action is not in the focus on the object, and that the existence or
non-existence of the object of an intentional action, in principle, can not be
inferred from the description of this
action. It is also essential to notice that intentionality is not the exclusive
property of consciousness, but rather characterizes all (not just mental)
rational activity. It's necessary to clarify related that intentional actions
can be of two types: either the purposeful actions, or actions related to
something.
Intentionality involves
two operations: retention (an operation to retain the previous meaning, sound,
color) and pro-retention (open-minded, ready to play). Therefore, the unity of
the operations or the powers of consciousness creates a temporal unity of
sense-imperceptibility.
Method of phenomenal
reduction is a method of penetration into the deeper layers of consciousness,
into pure consciousness as the world of senses. Consciousness is intentional,
it has a structure consisting of noema and noezа. As Husserl supposed that
intentional explication of consciousness becomes possible as a result of the
phenomenological reduction, after it becomes immaterial whether intentional
object is reality or not. Not the object of research is important itself, but
only its noema, which is under no guidance on its ontological status. Thus
noema performs the role of a
phenomenological study intentioned object and almost replaces a real object. It
is quite clear that such a substitution is not equivalent. Thus, the integrity
of consciousness is possible due to the temporal structure of intentionality,
creating a unity of sense.
It is also necessary to
note the problem of inter-subjectivity and the "life-challenge",
which considers the impact of human existence, experienced by man and has
semantic content. The paradox of human subjectivity is in this: "I am the
main subject in the world, or rather I design the world, other subjects are my
objects." The paradox is that each of us is both a subject and an object
(for myself I am subject, for others I am the object). Manifested space of
universal inter-subjectivity is a subjective potential of Humanity. The sense
of life is in the space of inter-subjectivity. Every person perceives objects
of genesis. The world is as a horizon or the limit of a particular human
perception at a given point of temporality (the time experienced by a person is
emotionally-colored). Therefore there are limits to our perception, limits
defined by the horizon of the life experience,
so the world of consciousness
for each living being is experienced and alive.
Now the question arises:
how things and facts come to our mind? They are the typical modes, and these
modes are the eidetic essences. Phenomenology is the study of the essence, but
not about the facts. Phenomenologist is not interested in this or that moral
standard, he wonders why it is the accepted standard.
Phenomenology is the
first philosophy, giving man the freedom to chose the new horizons.
Phenomenological reduction can not be completed: its meaning is in the
continuing renewal. Thus, the phenomenological theory of E. Gusserl is
important to analyze the aesthetic problems, particularly the pieces of art.
Literature
1.
Borev Yu.
Aesthetics / http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/Borev/_30.php