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ОРТАҚТАСАТЫН МІНЕЗ ҚҰЛЫҚ ЖАС ӨСПЕРІМДЕР ЖӘНЕ ОНЫҢ ЕРЕКШЕЛІІНЕ

СОВЛАДАЮЩЕЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ У ПОДРОСТКОВ И ЕГО ОСОБЕННОСТИ

Coping behavior in adolescents AND FEATURES

Р.А. Мухамбетова

Павлодарский государственный университет им. С.Торайгырова

Түйіндеме

Бапта пайда болатын қиын ахуалдың талаптарына адам жақсы ыңғайлы болуға болатын жас өспiрiмде ортақтасатын мiнез-құлықтың психологиялық арналуы туралы айтады

Резюме.

В статье рассказывается о психологическое предназначение совладающего поведения у подростка, как можно лучше приспособить человека к требованиям сложившейся трудной ситуации.

Resume

The article describes the psychological purpose of adolescent’s coping behavior, as it is possible to adapt better than the person for requirements of the developed difficult situation

The problem of coping behavior is one of the important and active development in modern psychology. Coping behavior, or "coping" is derived from the English «cope» - overcome ( to fight). Coping style, like individual life style of man, defines sustainable way of mental adaptation, which affects both the social environment, and the nature of interpersonal relations.

Keywords: coping, adaptive behavior, coping behavior, psychological defense, development.

The child masters strategies of coping behaviors working with adults and children, especially in the family, and then in society. How the child learns a particular way of coping, and what factors affect their choice - is the subject of scientific interest in recent years. Modern life is so dynamic, complex and contradictory, that man always has to overcome various obstacles and difficulties to adapt to situations, to find the most profitable way out of difficulties. In this regard, a person must use all available resources in order to remain adaptive and feel more or less safe. Psychological coping purpose is to best adapt to the demands of the current human difficult situation. Coping is a dynamic cognitive and behavioral efforts of the individual, aimed at the management of external or internal factors that are measured by it as threatening.

In Western psychology concepts coping stress and coping behavior used to describe the characteristics of the process of human behavior in various difficult situations. The term "coping behavior", common in our psychology, is understood as a purposeful social behavior, allowing the subject by conscious strategy, adequate personal characteristics and situation, to cope with stress or difficult situations. The main task of coping behavior - to achieve and maintain well-being, his physical and mental health and satisfaction with social relations.

At present a new approach to the analysis of coping behavior as a subject is being developed, determined by several factors: dispositional (personal), dynamic (situational), socio-cultural (environmental) and regulators. In terms of the psychology of the subject varying degrees of implementation of their own plans connected with different measure of activity, integrity and self-determination of the individual as a subject of activity and life.

Despite the relatively short history of active study of psychological defenses and coping behavior, their relationship is one of the controversial issues. Some researchers keep these concepts together, while others, on the contrary, see in them a fundamental difference. According to Freud, the content of social and psychological adjustment is described by a "conflict alert → → protective reaction", helping each episode of stress or conflict as a sequence of certain acts. This understanding suggests a close interaction between different mechanisms of adaptive behavior of the individual. B.D.Karvasarsky indicates that protection mechanisms and coping mechanisms act as adaptive processes of the individual [Encyclopedia of Psychotherapy, 1998].

Researchers distinguish between two types of psychological defenses personalities - intrapersonal and interpersonal. Intrapersonal protection are used to maintain a positive image of the "I" at the expense of cognitive-emotional information from the outside world. Interpersonal protection chosen person in order to preserve their integrity by changing the nature of the interaction with others. R.Lazarus, discussing the question of the division of defense reactions, distinguished passive intrapsychic mechanisms, including their passive coping behavior and intrapsychic coping forms, referred to as psychological protection.

According to N.Haan [Haan, 1977], coping and protection based on the same, identical ego processes, but differ in the polar direction - either a productive or a weak adaptation. Coping process begins with the perception of a call that triggers cognitive, social, motivational and moral structure, whose actions are essential for an adequate response. In the new situation to the individual requirements, in which the existing response is not appropriate, there is a coping process. If the new requirement is unaffordable for the individual, then the coping process may take the form of protection. Defense mechanisms can eliminate the trauma by distorting reality.

The main difference from the manifestation of coping psychological defenses is that coping is plastic, depending on the situation, the process and has a "delayed effect", that is forward-looking. In addition, coping - is the subject of goal-directed behavior as a source of possible conversion of the situation.

In accordance with the concept of stress Koping [Lazarus, 1991] psychological defense and coping strategies are considered in terms of their overall participation in the implementation of the adaptive behavior of the individual.

Most researchers do not consider the formation of coping behaviors in children under the age dynamics of their development, and it is limited to studying only at a certain age, or in general - covering too much age period. This approach gives only a general or fragmentary views are not allowed to carry out with one hand - a more precise age and sex differentiation in the study of the mechanisms of coping behavior, and on the other hand - to assess the impact of the predictors - the entire set of internal and external (environmental) factors in this process.

Becoming active coping behavior accounted for adolescence and early adolescence. This period in the life of a person is considered to be the most difficult crisis and controversial. Teenager faces mass of objective and subjective problems requiring resolution. Sharply expressed hormonal transformation taking place at this age, affect the behavior, internal states, reactions, mood and adolescents are often the basis of its total imbalance of explosiveness, agitation or lethargy. Among the main difficulties teenager stand reduced self-esteem, increased sensitivity and irritability, physical and mental illness, the transfer of a frustration at the world, a sense of loneliness, foreignness, misunderstood, fear of ridicule, exaggeration of appearance defects, increased anxiety, restlessness and uncertainty. According to the results of modern survey among adolescents, "half fourteen times feel so miserable that cry and want to give up everything and everyone. A quarter reported that they feel sometimes that people look at them, talk about them, laugh at them. Every twelfth in the head came the idea of suicide. "

During this period when there is a desire to understand, there is a need for self-image. There is an important objective assessment of its activity. There is an orientation to real achievements. The importance of problems connected with self-image raises, the reflection develops. Ideas of own possibilities, interests make self-image of adolescents, are the main subject of their pride, form a basis for feeling of their own advantage. From there is uneasiness concerning acts or appearance. At some teenagers the inferiority complex can develop. The teenager constantly gets to a discomfort situation, the emotional sphere is frustrated, i.e. it reacts to this situation negative experiences which cause uneasiness. Uneasiness is a tendency of the individual to experience of alarm which represents an emotional condition. The condition is characterized by subjective feelings of tension, concern, gloomy presentiments, and from the point of view of physiology – activation of vegetative nervous system. This condition arises as emotional reaction to a stressful situation.

Now we turn to the actual forms of manifestations of anxiety in adolescence: redness or paleness of skin, frequent urge to urinate, excessive sweating and trembling, hand tremor, a symptom of "restless hands", increased restlessness, feeling special awkwardness, clumsiness, and stiffness. Anxiety symptoms may be different, but the severity of it depends on age differences. Age anxiety symptoms younger students teenagers often cries, hiding. Always move something in his hands, pulling the paper, clothes, hair. Sucking fingers, pens, hair, clothes. Rubbing his hands, twisting his fingers, pulling the tip of the nose, excessive sweating. Struggling chewing a pencil or pen. Tense, bound, can not relax. Bites his nails. Confusion, irregular speech, ask additional questions. Lost when turning suddenly experience their inconsistency school requirements. Increased restlessness, many superfluous gestures, always loses something, drops. Intently watching the reaction of teachers face catches the slightest change, fear of the teacher.

Constantly corrects response, work without a substantial improvement of its quality, constantly apologizing. Fear of school attendance, particularly of not cope with the task, and the fear of the teacher. Monitors the behavior of their peers, distracted. Behavioral manifestations of anxiety in primary school age are different from teen that they are infantile, associated with the change of social status, the fear of "not be the" fear of not cope with the task, the fear of a teacher, a sudden onset of the disease, an internal conflict between the conflicting requirements of home and at school, nervousness and aggressiveness of the child. Teenagers are more focused on the tactile sensations of touch, they are going through because of its "otherness" in the peer display aggressive behavior. Aggressiveness is often hidden behind despair teen who seeks understanding and love, they want to be in the spotlight. It is also not rare in adolescents found depression, they do not have self-confidence, all requirements for myself react negatively. Usually in adolescence anxiety can be fixed as a stable personal formation. For anxiety and somatic typical teenage problems: abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, cramps in the throat, shortness of shallow breathing, dry mouth, a lump in the throat, weakness in the legs, heart palpitations. Thus, we can identify a number of specific features of anxiety symptoms in adolescence. The level of anxiety in adolescence increases compared to the primary school age according ongoing psychological and physiological changes. Anxiety is caused by the growth of physiological and psychological reasons. Possible causes are physiological maturation, activation of the autonomic nervous system. Any changes in the body make the child emotionally - unbalanced. Psychological reasons for the increase of anxiety may have conflicting expectations of a teenager, inadequate self-esteem, self-interest, the need to belong to a group, an acute response to its demands, the desire to be independent, self-sufficient.

Apparently, such behavioral features are not yet well developed in adolescents. This is reflected in the quality of social and psychological interaction in stressful situations. On ways of coping with stress affect individual psychological characteristics of the adolescent's personality: temperament, level of anxiety, of thinking, especially controls to nature. Thus, the selection of individual coping strategies depends not only on the situation in which a teenager gets, but also on the personal characteristics of the adolescent. On the definition of a particular type of activity leading to adolescence, there are two points of view: 1. Dialogue takes to be the leading type of activity and has intimate personal nature of the subject of communication was a different person - the same age, and the content is the construction and maintenance of a personal relationship with him. As the leading type of the teenager playing socially useful activity, during which there is a further development of various forms of relationships with peers and with adults and deployed, according to Feldstein D.I., new forms of communication "as the initiation of adolescents to society." All researchers adolescent psychology somehow converge in the recognition of the enormous significance of the teen with peers, so one of the main trends in adolescence is a reorientation of communication with parents, teachers and peers in the general older, more or less equal rank. A.V. Mudrik notes that the need to communicate with their peers, which can not replace parents, occurs in children very early and increases with age. Adolescent behavior, says Mudrik AV, in their specificity, is the collective group / 3 /.

Studying the adolescent coping strategies authors often fix dominance emotionally oriented forms of address. Deficit of constructive strategies explained psychological characteristics of age.

As for intelligent strategies, they gradually increase with the transition to the level of a teenager theoretically, abstract logical thinking (12-14 years).

By late adolescence a person learns to use such specific mechanisms of coping with internal stress that use adults. For example, interact with the products of human creativity (read books, listen to music, go to the movies), or creatively express themselves (write poetry, sing, paint). Gradually, more and more teenagers have resorted to thinking and comprehension of difficult situations. Interpersonal communication with their peers, which is at times deeply intimate relationships, stimulates discussion and comprehensive reflection of a variety of difficulties teenager.

It should be noted that, in search of protection from stress, discomfort, stress, teenagers often resort to strategies of addictive behavior.

For adolescents with addictive behavior such peculiar characteristic, as reduced portability problems. This is due to the hedonistic installation (the desire to get immediate pleasure to meet their needs). Also, these teenagers often a hidden inferiority complex, which has been reflected in frequent changes of mood, uncertainty, avoidance of situations in which their skills can be objectively verified. Such teenagers have the keen desire to make a positive impression on others.

Summarizing adolescents’ coping strategies can be noted that the development of the ability to find and implement the best solutions to crisis situations are as they grow older and life experience. The most important aspect in the decision making coping strategies is to strengthen the rational sensible approach to these problems associated cognitive abilities of the child.

Literature

1. A. Freud [Freud A.] Psychology of "I" and protective mechanisms. M. Education Press, 1993.

2. B.D.Karvasarsky [Encyclopedia of Psychotherapy, 1998].

3. AV Mudrik adults on Latent teenage life

4. Feldstein, D., "An introduction to the adolescent society"

http://www.zadachi.org.ru/?n=157676

5. Haan N. Coping and defending: Processes of self-environment organzation. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

6. Lazarus R.S. Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

7. Psychoanalysis (Z.Freud)