History/ 2. General History
Nurusheva Gulmira
Keldybaevna
Kazakhstan, Kostanay State
University named after A. Baitursynov
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALIST
RELATIONS IN KAZAKH AUL OF TURGAI AREA IN SECOND HALF OF XIX - BEGINNING OF XX
CENTURIES
Spontaneous
subsidence of Kazakh people increased as a result of resettlement fund creation
in the beginning of the XX century which was accompanied by the violent
dispossession of land of indigenous people and deprivation of their finest
pastures during Stolypin reaction. On the lands withdrawn from Kazakhs
resettlement villages were created; the markets were started off near large
Russian settlements in which local Kazakh population was involved also. Russian
kulak farmers generally employed Kazakh workers.
Thus, Russian
peasants resettlement considerably accelerated process of decomposition of
cattle-farmers households.
Employment and
increase in aul abandoning testifies to intensive stratification of Kazakh
cattle-farmers and development of capitalist relations in their initial form in
connection with colonization of the Kazakh steppe.
In the Kustanay
district in the end of the XIX century the use of wage labor considerably
amplified. The reason for that is that
Kustanay district was close to the railroads, markets, Russian cities and
settlements. In least economically developed remote areas the number of the
farms using wage labor was a lot smaller than in highly developed cattle
breeding and agricultural areas. This
data also shows that capitalism was not getting through to all areas equally.
That depended much from the development of Kazakh regions.
In the most
undeveloped nomadic cattle breeding areas wage labor was less developed.
However it does not mean that in these regions prosperous farms did not use
wage labor at all. It should be noted that such fact was not and could not be
present. In these areas prosperous farms relied more on noneconomic patriarchal
and feudal form of operation, using labor of konsy - the poor relatives. Poor
relatives konsy often performed various works for bai, and were exploited by
him.
The system of
payment to wage labor workers is crucial for the characteristic of the
capitalist relations spread. In the end of XIX - beginning of the XX centuries
in Kustanay and Aktyubinsk districts of Turgai area as the as a rule payment to
wage labor workers was carried out by money, and in some nomadic areas work of
the Kazakh farm laborers was paid in livestock [1].
Decomposition of
the Kazakh subsistence economy was supplemented with growth of various crafts.
Kustanay and Aktyubinsk livestock-agricultural districts gave the maximum per
cent of farms which were engaged in various crafts - from 31% to 60%; and in
remote districts in spite of the fact that the per cent of the farms which were
engaged in different crafts was quite high, nevertheless it was lower than in
northern districts.
Middle-income
people and the poor practiced woodworking: materials for construction of yurta,
wooden ware, wooden part of saddles, beaters for kumys; other production
included manufacturing of koshma, lassos, woolen and horsehair bands,
blacksmithing, shoe business, etc. In such crafts were mostly engaged those who
did not have sufficient income, so they were in constant search for additional
means of income [2]
Pus.hed out of
agricultural proletariat system farm laborers and the poor could not find
available jobs in aul, so they went elsewhere in search for employment.
Most strongly aul
abandoning developed in areas with the mixed Kazakh-Russian population. In
Russian villages development of capitalism went quicker than in Kazakh aul. The
Russian kulaks showed great demand for seasonal workers, especially during the
autumn period. As Kazakh wage labor workers were the least expensive Russian
kulaks willingly took them for seasonal work and sought to make them permanent
workers.
Patriarchal and
feudal top, Kazakh bai, was mostly engaged in trade. So, for example, according
to Turgai area expeditions, the wealthiest bai who had on average 500 heads of
cattle were participating in large trade as well.
In the northern
cattle breeding and agricultural regions decomposition of an old way of
production went much more intensively, than in the areas remote from the
railroads, markets and Russian settlements. In cattle breeding agricultural
areas many bai farms were gradually reformed in capitalist manner, replacing
explotation by civilian work. Simple primitive tools were changed for modern,
wooden plow was replaced by iron one.
Thus, it is defined
that in livestock-the agricultural regions of Kazakhstan, under the influence
of various reasons, mainly, resettlements of Russian peasants, old ways of
production collapsed. In undeveloped nomadic areas primitive farm patterns
remained.
Literature
1.
Вопросы колонизации.
№5,1909 С.109-116