Candidate of veterinary sciences, associate professor, Baikenov М.Т.

Graduate student, Mekebayeva S. Zh.

A.Baitursynov Kostanai State Unversity

Etiology and monitoring of joint diseases in cattle

Joint diseases of farm animals, including cattle livestock are an urgent problem.

Surgical diseases are one of the main causes of economic losses in livestock; they prevail over all othersby the reduction of dairy and meat livestock productivity, shortfall in young stock, loss of breeding value of their animals and premature culling.

Joint diseases occupy a significant proportion of surgical diseases. Many of them become hard and difficult to treat. Often they are not limited only to the local process and they are reflected on the general state of the organism. In its turn, changes in the general condition of the body lead to bad and sometimes multiple affected joints.

Causes of disease are extremely different and mainly they have not been studied yet. Only causes of infectionalarthritis (tuberculosis, chlamydia, etc.) connected with a particular infectionare known. As for all other forms of joint diseases, in modern view, their development is connected with a complex of many internal and external factors; the proportion of each one is still not identified. It may be mechanical damage, vitamin and mineral metabolism disorder, osteodystrophy, excessive exercises, aging of tissues, weak joints.

We conducted research and practical observations in"Ak - Kuduk" LLP located in the village of Jambulin Kostanai region. The farm has 802 heads of cattle, including 480 heads of adult animals and 322 young stock. “Ak–Kuduk”engages in processing milk and its implementation. Its main direction is high-quality milk and increase of milk production.

According to infectious and invasion diseases "Ak - Kuduk" is relatively good. In 2011 and 2012, there were no cases of leukaemia in cattle and brucellosis on the farm. In 2013, there were diagnostics for infectious diseases such as brucellosis, leukemia, chlamydia,leptospirosis,listeriosis and tuberculosis. According to the research, infectious diseases of cattle were not found.

Surgical and internalnon-communicable diseases in the domestic economy are commonly found. If we compare these two groups of diseases, surgical diseases prevailin "Ak-Kuduk" (Figure 2).

Figure 2.Comparative analysis of surgical and internal non-communicable diseasesin"Ak-Kuduk" LLP

These studies were conducted among all groups of animals. Analyzing the data andstudies, we see that various joint diseases occur every year. The greatest number of joint pathology was in 2013 and amounted to 224 animals. The least joints pathologywas in 2011 - 176 animals. On average from 2011 to 2013 there were animals with surgical pathology -25, 6%, internal non-communicable diseases -22, 2%. According to these data, we can conclude that in comparison with the internal non-communicable diseases surgical diseases are more common in the household.

The study on the prevalence of joints diseases of cattle on the farm of "Ak- Kuduk" was carried out as well. According to the records in outpatient registers and the research, we have found sick animals - 230 (48%) adult heads of cattle and 132 (41%) young stock.

The diagnosis was made on the basis of characteristic clinical signs, exactly changing of the shape of the joint, pain, puffiness, temperature rise, with the localization of the inflammatory process on a limb - a change in its length and claudication, limb dysfunction, the animal lies more and does not lean on the bad leg. In this state, thecavity is capacious, and joint capsule, ligaments, tendons are in a relaxed state, which contributes to the feeling the least pain.

These studies give the following results. In 2011-2013 there were 2406 animalsin the outpatient reception. 1502 of them had a head joint pathology (Table 1).

As seen from the table, there are different joint diseases. The largest part of pathologies is purulent arthritis - 23%,elbow injuries - 22.4%, wounds of the shoulder joint - 20.8%, elbowsprain - 17.6%, fetlock joint sprain - 16.2 %.

Table 1 Monitoring of pathological processes in the joints of cattle according to “Ak–Kuduk” LLP

Diseases /Year	2011	2012	2013	Total
				Absolute number	%
Elbowinjuries	98	128	106	332	22,1
Fetlockjoint sprain	74	102	54	230	15,3
Purulentarthritis	108	131	112	351	23,3
Elbow sprain	93	104	75	272	18,1
Woundsof the shoulder joint	106	124	87	317	21,2
Total for the year	479	589	434	1502	100

The table shows that the largest number of joint disease was in 2010 and amounted to 612 animals. The least joint diseases occur in 2013 - 434 animals. Reducing the number of sick animals with the disease for the last five years can be explained by intensive development of animal husbandry, concerning scientific development and implementation of new highly effective medicine, treatment of sick animals.

The disease is usually widespread (Figure 3). The number of sick animals increases in summer and winter. There is farm animal housing systemin"Ak - Kuduk" LLP. In summer animals are usually kept on barnyards which lead to all kinds of mechanical damage of various joints of animals. It may be hitting limbs a feed crib, feeding fence,hoofbeats, horns of other animals, when falling on a hard floor, etc.

Figure 3. - Seasonality of joints diseasein"Ak - Kuduk" LLP

In winter animals are kept in closed accommodations.In "Ak - Kuduk" LLPtied cattle prevails in stable. All this leads to joint diseases. The reasons may be hitting limbs on the wall ofmachines, feed cribs, close tyingof an animal and getting up on the hard floor without bedding.

One of the causes of joint diseases in farm animals is a metabolic disorder (mineral, protein and vitamins), as a consequence of inappropriate feeding and keepinganimalstied, lack of physical exercisesand solar radiation (ultravioletradiation) [3].

So, we conducted a statistical analysis of joint diseases in cattlein"Ak - Kuduk" LLP and came to the conclusion:

1. In comparison with other diseases surgical diseases - 25.6% are more common.

2. The most commonjointdiseases in the household are purulent arthritis - 23%, elbow joint injuries - 22.1%.

3. The greatest number of animals with joint diseases occurs in summer and winter:42%in summer, 36% in winter.

References

1. S.A. Shevchenko. Anatomy of pets: study guide (for students majoring 110502 "Veterinary") - Gorno-Altai: GASU Press 2010. – 38 p.

2. A.V.Lebedev. General veterinary surgery.MOSCOW "KOLOS" 2000. - 371 p.

3. G.M.Andreev. Veterinarian handbook. - St. Petersburg.: "Lan" Press, 2002. – 550 p.