Сельское хозяйство / 5.Растениеводство, селекция, семеноводство

УДК 633.63:631.816.1

Candidate of agricultural sciences Ionitsoy Y.S.

Institute of bioenergetics cultures and sugar beets NAAS of Ukraine

Removal of nutrients by sugar beets depending

on fertilizer dose

In modern conditions together with positive effect from crops capacity, the degradation of soil fertility in agro ecological systems is observed [1, 4]. The analysis of soils condition in Ukraine concerning humus dynamic in crop rotation indicates its negative balance. If after cereals in some years the humus balance was positive, than after technical, feed crops, potato and vegetables its balance is negative. [6].

The lack of organic material in the soil that is not refilled by plant remains is necessary to be compensated by application of organic and mineral fertilizers [7] that is the most effective resource facility to increase productivity of agriculture production and reserve soil fertility [6]. Sugar beets occupy leading position among technical crops, the potential productivity of which can amount to 90–95 t/ha [2].

As it is known, yield indexes of this crop are directly depend on fertilizers, especially on mineral one. That is why fertilizers rate, applied for the crop, should satisfy its needs in nutrients without decrease of humus content in the soil, after the harvest alienate the nutrients. The intensity of soil nutrient elements usage is determined by removal index of nutrients [3] that is calculated in the basis of fertilizers rate for agriculture crops [5]. In this connection, the aim of the research was to determine the removal of nutrients by sugar beet plants of domestic, foreign and joint breeding depending on fertilizers rate.

Researches were conducted on breeding plot of diagnostics and feeding optimization laboratory of Institute of bioenergetics cultures and sugar beets NAAS of Ukraine in 2001–2003 years. The vessel of Vagner was used with the volume 14,5 kg of air-dried soil for the vessel, which was filled by typical alkaline black soil with the following agrochemical characteristics: humus – 3,8–4,0%, salt pH – 6,4–6,6, Hr – 1,4–1,6 mg/equivalent for 100 g of soil, mobile phosphorus and potassium exchanged according to Chirikov 184–197 and 81–89 mg/kg of soil, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen 159–163 mg/kg of soil (according to Cornfild).

Four options were analyzed: no fertilizers, 1,5; 3,0 and 6,0 g of active ingredient/NPK vessel. Ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen fertilizer (34 %), phosphate – simple granular superphosphate (19,5 %), potassium – potassium chloride (60,0 %). Soil moisture maintained at 60 % of the maximum field capacity of the soil by watering in vessels by weight. Seeds of sugar beets planted in late April to early May, the crop harvested – in early October. Removal of nutrients by plants of sugar beet were determined at harvest time. Repetition of the experiment is 7 times.

The content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in sugar beet plants was determined in a navazhtsi after wet ashing by C. Ginzburg with further determination of nitrogen – Kjeldahl method, phosphorus – in Denizhe a modification Buvatye.

It is found that version control of sugar beet hybrids of different origin are characterized by unequal biological removal of nitrogen during the growing season. The maximum figure showed sugar beet hybrid KW Zbruch – 0,60 g/vessel, Extra and Ukrainian ChS 70 are inferior for 13,3 and 33,3 % respectively. In the structure of nitrogen removal by leaves and root crops the advantage belonged to the underground part 56,7–60,0%. Removal of phosphorus in this embodiment was within 0,10–0,14 g/vessel with a maximum in sugar beet hybrid KW Zbruch and a minimum of in Ukrainian ChS 70. The share of the aerial part removal was 30,0–35,7 %. Sugar beet in the process of growth and development accumulate a lot of carbohydrates and therefore require significant amounts of potassium. Thus, the removal of this nutrient by Ukrainian ChS hybrid plants was at the level of 0,64, Extra – 0,75 and KW Zbruch 0,82 g/vessel. The roots of sugar beet contained 48,8–56,0 % or 0,37–0,42 g/potassium a vessel. The removal of sodium and magnesium by sugar beet plants of the investigated hybrids was identified within 0,10–0,19, calcium – 0,42–0,58 g / a vessel. At the same time sodium (70,0–75,0 %) and magnesium (52,9–63,6 %) more than half contained in the leaves, and calcium (51,1–57,1 %) in the underground part (tabl. 1).

According to the research, fertilizers application in a rate 1,5 g/vessel caused the increase of nutrients removal in 2,0–4,0 times comparing to the control. In this embodiment, the nitrogen content at harvest period in hybrid plants Ukrainian sugar beet breeding was 1,55; German – 1,81 and joint 0 1,93 g/vessel, among which roots contained 0,93–1,17 g. The biological removal of phosphorus, sodium and magnesium increased from 0,37 to 0,47 g/vessel. Thus most of the sodium endured aerial part (71,7–72,1%), phosphorus – roots (64,9–73,3 %) and magnesium almost identical proportions aerial part (52,3–55,6 % ) and roots (44,4–47,7 %). In general version without fertilizer and a half dose of fertilizer in descending order of removal of the nutrients during the growing season hybrids can be placed as follows: KW Zbruch – Extra – Ukrainian ChS

Pic. 1. Nutrients removal by the plants of sugar beet hybrid KW Zbruch depending on fertilizers doze

The use of optimal dose (3,0 g a.i./vessel) contributed to the improvement of plants nutrition and therefore further increase of the biological removal of nutrients by sugar beets, which exceeded the indexes in the variant without fertilizers in 3,2–6,0 times and in the form of 1,5 g a.i./vessel NPK in 1,1–1,7 times. In this embodiment, the total nitrogen removal plants was within 2,28–3,06 g/vessel with a maximum of Extra hybrid and minimum for hybrid Ukrainian ChS 70. Share of leaves inferior roots in removal of nutrients and was 36,6–39,0% (tabl. 1). The highest removal of phosphorus in oprimal fertilizers dose was observed in hybrid Extra 0,72 g/vessel, while others inferior to him 0,11–0,16 g. Among studied hybrids, third part of elements removal (27,8–29,8 %) belongs to over ground part a and the rest – to the roots. On the background of optimal doses of fertilizers significant absorption of potassium was observed and its removal by the culture was 3,03–3,79 g/vessel. Share of underground and ground plant parts in the removal of potassium remained the same as in the form of half-dose of fertilizer. Sodium and magnesium content has reached 0,48–0,58 and 0,60–0,65 g/vessel, respectively, and calcium was within 1,47–1,97 g/vessel.

Table 1

Nutrients removal by the plants of different sugar beet hybrids, g/vessel

Hybrids	Nutrients
	N		P2O5		K2O			Na		Ca		Mg
	leaves	roots	leaves	roots	leaves	roots		leaves	roots	leaves	roots	leaves	roots
No fertilizers (control)
Ukrainian ChS 70	0,16	0,24	0,03	0,07	0,27		0,37	0,07	0,03	0,18	0,24	0,07	0,04
Extra	0,22	0,30	0,04	0,08	0,33		0,42	0,11	0,04	0,24	0,32	0,09	0,08
KW Zbruch	0,26	0,34	0,05	0,09	0,42		0,40	0,12	0,04	0,27	0,31	0,12	0,07
1,5 g a.i./vessel NPK
Ukrainian ChS 70	0,60	0,93	0,13	0,24	0,98		1,24	0,28	0,11	0,64	0,71	0,23	0,28
Extra	0,64	1,17	0,12	0,33	0,93		1,46	0,31	0,12	0,65	0,85	0,25	0,20
KW Zbruch	0,76	1,17	0,14	0,31	1,17		1,36	0,33	0,13	0,85	0,84	0,25	0,22
3,0 g a.i./vessel NPK
Ukrainian ChS 70	0,89	1,40	0,17	0,40	1,18		1,85	0,34	0,14	0,66	0,81	0,37	0,26
Extra	1,12	1,94	0,20	0,52	1,41		2,38	0,40	0,18	0,96	1,01	0,36	0,24
KW Zbruch	1,06	1,84	0,18	0,43	1,33		1,79	0,36	0,18	0,85	0,98	0,35	0,30
6,0 g a.i./vessel NPK
Ukrainian ChS 70	1,54	2,14	0,28	0,59	1,73		2,68	0,47	0,18	1,13	0,95	0,48	0,26
Extra	1,33	2,20	0,26	0,57	1,66		3,00	0,43	0,20	1,02	1,09	0,36	0,22
KW Zbruch	1,63	2,38	0,26	0,66	1,94		2,88	0,43	0,24	1,13	1,09	0,45	0,30
НІР05 А (hybrids) В (fertilizers) АВ (total)	0,15 0,11 0,30	0,11 0,08 0,22	0,03 0,03 0,07	0,06 0,04 0,11	0,22 0,17 0,45		0,20 0,15 0,40	0,06 0,05 0,13	0,02 0,02 0,04	0,15 0,11 0,30	0,14 0,11 0,28	0,08 0,06 0,17	0,27 0,21 0,55

The highest removal of nutrient elements is observed in the form of a double dose of fertilizer (6,0 g a.i./vessel NPK), nitrogen 3,53–4,01; phosphorus 0,83–0,92; potassium 4,41–4,82; sodium 0,63–0,67, calcium and magnesium 2,08–2,22 and 0,58–0,75 g/vessel. These figures were higher than no fertilizers background for the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in 5,9–9,2 times in sodium, calcium and magnesium in 3,4–6,6 times. Comparing the maximum removal of nutrients in the experiment that was over half (1,5 g a.i./vessel) doses of fertilizers, it is clear that the advantage is 1,3–2,4 times. The difference in removal of nutrients by sugar beets between double and optimal doses of fertilizer in sugar beet hybrids Ukrainian ChS 70 and KV Zbruch is 13,3–38,0 %, and hybrid Extra – 3,4–18,7 %. The proportion of leaves and roots in the structure removal of nutrients is remained the same as in the form of the optimal dose of fertilizer.

The results of the researches proved the dependence between dose of fertilizers and the removal of nutrients by sugar beet hybrids of different origin. An analytical dependence enable to predict the value of nutrients removal by hybrid of sugar beets, which was studied in the experiment, depending on the dose of fertilizer introduced (Fig. 1).

In all investigated variants of fertilization the maximum removal of nutrients during the growing season was provided by sugar beet hybrid KW Zbruch except variant of the optimal dose of fertilizer, when Extra hybrid was a leader. By increasing the dose of fertilizer nutrients removal of sugar beet plants was growing, as evidenced by analytical equations that make it possible to predict the removal of nutrients, depending on the dose of fertilizer. On average for the optimal dose of fertilizer sugar beet hybrids Ukrainian ChS 70, Extra and KW Zbruch removed respectively nitrogen 2,28; 3,06 and 2,90, 0,57 phosphorus; 0,72 and 0,61, 3,03 potassium; 3,79 and 3,12 g/vessel. Share of aboveground plant organs in removal of nutrients is: nitrogen 35–43 %, phosphorus, 27–36, potassium 36–51, sodium, 64–75, calcium 43–54 and magnesium 52–66 %, and the rest is made by underground parts of plants.

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