Individual styles of
self-regulation and subjective characters of human
N.S. Zhubanazarova,
The candidate of psychological Sciences, associate professor
N.K.Toxanbayeva
G.K.Narege
Teacher of Kazakh
language in M.Dulati college
Kazakh National University named
after al-Farabi,
Kazahstan Almaty
Abstract: The problem of character of typology is
considered, data of long-term researches of individual styles of
self-regulation at the different types of personality accentuations of
character are generalized. Regulator basis and style forming role of subjective
internals of personality(to responsibility, persistence, independence, flexibility
of and other) are described. It is
shown that efficiency of individual
self-regulation depends not only on the type of accentuation, how many from development of personality of subject
internals combination of that is specific for the different types of character.
Keywords:
individual self-regulation, line and
type, character, individual style, subject properties.
A problem of character typology is
one of traditional and most debatable
problems of psychology.
In different periods of development
of science research of typology both
went out on the first plan or exposed to ostracism. At the same time the
presence of psychological types it is impossible to deny, for this reason at
all times there were different and simultaneously elusively their alike
variants. It is enough to remember vitality of hypo rat’s typology of temperament, the grounds of that
only change depending on the level of development of knowledge about nature of man. And confession that types it is
difficult to investigate by virtue of multiplicity of grounds of their
selection and washed out of
phenomenology, does not take off a problem. For this reason today we look after the return of interest in the
problem of typology, to the attempts of
combination of going near research of personality by the analysis of lines and types, for example, of
development of variants of unginian
typologies, widely used by practical psychologists. The problem of combination of typology and
character traits decides the most natural and methodically strict methods in
the factor theories of personality, when lines and types are examined as
factors of different order, describing the different levels of personality
organization qualitatively . In the most known factor theory of G. U. Aizenko and his followers, as is generally known,
distinguish two basic measuring, having the projections on three different levels: 1). primary reactions, 2). devil, 3). types. It is possible
to argue about a technique at
excretions of levels and their interpretation, but it is impossible not to
confess that idea much.
It is special obviously at
reviewing attempts of connection of
typologies distinguished on different grounds. It is enough to remember such
attempt, undertaken by G.U Aizenko. In
his book "Structure of personality"[1] it is quite clear possible to
see the displays of types at morphological (constitutional) level. It is possible also to remind the physiological
and neuropsysiological theories of display of temperaments, that once again
confirms our idea about the system of display of typology on the different
levels of individuality of man. And, finally, the psychological levels of typology are described with the
difficult picture of the hierarchically organized lines heat-sink the typical
for individuality methods of behavior and his adjusting in a norm and
pathology.
One of most popular in practical
psychology is a typology of personality
accentuations of character, entered by K. Leongard, used presently in two
values: in the first. as bright expressed of separate line, to being central
for the type of character [2].
It should be noted. that within the
framework of clinical study of accentuation basic support is however done into
"weak places" of character, assisting forming socially of not acceptable
or even pathological forms of behavior. It is thus underlined that the
prognosis of development of personality depends first of all on biological and
environmental influences, unfavorable
social terms assist negative development of personality, and the types of
accentuation are examined nevertheless
as problem characters.
It appears us, that from position of
the subjective going near research of psyche the problem of character typology
can and must be considered differently- from the point of view of features of
development of the realized self-regulation that we examine as a psychological
mechanism of subject activity. The results of our researches give an
opportunity to assert not only that individual self-regulation allows to
control the displays of character, impedimental to the achievement of the
putting aims, but also that she is
related to this. No less important from the point of view of the individual
going near the problems of educating and education there is a question about
reverse influence. It is necessary to understand, in which measure the type of personality accentuation of
character determines the features of individual style and efficiency of
self-regulation of behavior of man in educational and professional situations.
In this article we want to generalize and bring new results over of our
long-term researches of individual styles of self-regulation for people with
different accentuations of characters.
Individual self-regulation and character of Human
Conception of individual styles of
self-regulation suffices known to the specialists, and here is not a necessity
on her in detail stopped. In this context interesting to mark that the idea of
existence of styles of self-regulation arose up for the author of this article
under influence of description of behavior of accentuate personalities in
labours of Ê. Leongard. Exactly in these works bright individual distinctions
are presented in possibilities of people on different to design and regulate the behavior. Depending on the type of
character accentuation they with the different degree of realized, independence,
the aims of the activity pull out responsibility of and other, present and
expose the terms of their achievement. set and use the different programs of
actions, estimate correct the activity depending on attitude toward attained.
We name typical the stylish features of self-regulation for a man and most
substantial individuals.
The special class of lines was
secondly distinguished by us- regulator-personality(or subject) properties.
They, from one side, come forward as descriptions of the integral system of
adjusting, and with other- find out belonging to personality as subject of
activity and are her lines. Regulator-personality properties- it is lines of
individuality, characterizing her first of all as a subject of vital functions,
from the point of view of individual possibilities consciously to pull out the
aims of activity and manage their achievement, for example, it is such
internals as independence, reliability, flexibility. It is an extraordinarily
important moment, because exactly the selection of subject internals allows
from totality of personality properties, from our point of view, to enter the
operational divisions of concepts of personality and subject. Other no less
important description is their style-forming
nature. To find out this statement, we will go back to the concept of
line, that is one of basic in psychology of personality and differential
psychology of works of Galton. G.
Olport in the first(in 1936)
dissociated personality lines from other personality variables and defined
them. unlike the states and actions. as determining tendencies are generalized-
concerted and steady methods of individual adaptation to the environment. He
also one of the first marked in psychology, that personality lines can be
different degree of meaningfulness and community.
There is increased understanding of
personal traits, which implies that certain traits are acquired styles and
strategies. Thus, the psychological. G. Shmelev approach proposes to divide:
cross-situational features-properties features-skills related to some classes
of situations and policies that specify the features-some scripting behavior
for specific situations [3].
. In our context more relevant is an
experimental approach to the study of personality characteristics in terms of
related ways of organizing activity of various kinds, i.e. individual styles.
The phenomenon of individual style usually denote through personal properties,
either explicitly or implicitly recognizing their style of form features.
Suffice it to recall the famous constructs
"impulsivity-reflectiveness′",
"self-flexibility". Individual –character lines, designating depending on a context the
individually-original methods of not only reacting but also cognition of the
world, and organizations of behavior, stand after them.
In our researches it was shown:
there are typical on a structure(i.e. most often meeting) regulator profiles.
So, for example, typical profiles with a specifically accentuated structure,
skilled by us as basis autonomous and operative styles, were distinguished.
Autonomous style has two variants of rule in the individual profiles of
self-regulation : the first is characterized by high development of planning of
aims of activity and subzero are designs and estimations of results. Operative
style of self-regulation is presented also by two variants: for one high
development of design and subzero are characteristic- planning, programming,
the second differs in by high development of programming and more subzero-
planning and designs. It is here appropriate to notice that operative style is
characteristic for extraverts.
With regulator points of view
ability of extraverts it easily to adapt oneself in new situations it is
related exactly to high development for them processes of design of meaningful
terms of achievement of aims, and the
superficiality of extraverts known to all- with inability to plan the aims on a
prospect. There is a turn in it, autonomous style is typical for introverts,
that well comports with described in literature by their propensity to planning
of the future, but by a monastic capacity for actions in new, unexpected
situations. Thus, from the point of view of style of extraverts-operative, and
introverts-strategical.
For the accentuated profiles described higher there can style
forming be different properties. So, it was shown that operative style,
different high efficiency of educational activity, is formed for students at considerable development of flexibility,
and the same autonomous- to independence.
A question gets up : and
whether formative style properties at harmonious profiles. Appeared,
that for students with high development of responsibility and persistence the
relatively harmonious profiles of self-regulation are characteristic.
Responsible style is described by us in two varieties. The first is
characterized by a profile with the high planning, programming and evaluation
of results, a weak side does not come to light thus, it is possible to mark
only the insignificant decline of values on the index of design. The second
variant is characterized by a high design, programming, estimation of results
and tendency to the decline of planning. Persistent style is not so harmonious:
high development of design of meaningful terms and programming of actions combines
with a tendency to the less developed planning of aims and evaluation of
results.
Specific regulatory profiles as
pre-conditions of styles of self-regulation were distinguished and described
also for such lines, as a confidence, anxiety, reflection.
It should be noted that style the
formative develop for a man not isolated, and, from our data, in appropriate combinations. So, at a high confidence
strong parties are programming or design, and by a weak side- planning, a flair
to bring in corrections or adjusting flexibility is developed to a great
extent. At sure the middle level of the realized self-regulation is more often
formed. A high confidence combines with a large persistence and low level of
anxiety. that is pre-condition of development of sure style.
At persistent a design and
programming are better developed, that help to compensate weak sides of
planning aims of activity and
evaluation of her results. At a high persistence more often the middle develops
and rarer- high level of the realized self-regulation. The high level of
development of persistence combines high development of confidence and low
level of anxiety. There are strong parties at high reflectiveness - advancement
of aims and programming of actions that allow to compensate weak side-design
and to promote the level of individual self-regulation the same.
There is connection between
developed with reflection and level of the realized self-regulation, but she is
insignificant below, than at the developed responsibility, confidence,
persistence. Reflectiveness often
combines with the high level of responsibility and enhance able anxiety. At a
high anxiety, planning, programming become
strong parties, by a weak side- design. Thus there are not scary mechanisms
between the components of profile, for
this reason on the level of the realized self-regulation between groups the
anxious and not anxious are not present distinctions. The responsible possess,
as a rule, high reflectiveness and confidence, they have a tendency to the decline
of independence, as a result- to dependence on the obligations.
Specific for each of subject
properties profiles appeared comparable with distinguished before individually-
by typical styles of self-regulation. For example, at a high confidence formed autonomic ally- operative or operative
style. These styles are related to high development of flexibility and
independence. Thus. we made sure not once, that style formative it is been
exactly subject internals related to
the instrumental side of personality of man, i.e. with lines, heat-sink the
methods of actions or strategy, typical
for individuality.
Then a question gets up about that,
how style of self-regulation is related to the productive aspects of activity
of man.
There is a classic point of view,
that style of activity is always effective, that to his formed just and the
increase of efficiency testifies as a
result of being of methods of actions corresponding to temperament of man. By
another character there is business with styles of self-regulation, being
pre-condition of forming of great number of styles in the concrete types of
activity. As numerous researches
showed, than higher degree of the realized self-regulation and level on that
the individual profile of stylish features is formed, the more effective
self-regulation and wider than possibility of subject for a successful capture by the new types of
activity. Thus, increase of general level of self-regulation- one of ways of
achievement of high efficiency. this way is related already not to the
instrumental side of personality, and with the sphere of personality
orientation and consciousness, development of regulator role of that is, from
our point of view, higher level of development of subject.
However forming of harmonious styles
with high development of regulator all of the tools- destiny not many. We will remind that style formative internals
for such styles are high responsibility, confidence, persistence in combination
with a subzero anxiety. For example, in our researches we looked after such
styles as the mass phenomenon is only in sport of higher achievements.
Successful and high-professional management and politicians also often possess
such style.
Nevertheless in most professions and
vital situations styles are revealed with accentuated profiles that also allow to lab our for high efficiency in
activity and work out different vital problems. Here- other way of forming of
effective styles : creation of scary relations between the highly
developed and less developed components
of regulator profile, for example ability it is beforehand good to think over
difficult situation or even to create a necessary for gaining end situation (that
testifies to high development of design of meaningful terms) compensates the
lack of ability quickly to change the programs of behavior at the change of
terms.
Both ways directed the development of effective self-regulation styles require
a high subjective activity, the development of (often conscious) of the
subjective qualities, which is possible only with high motivation, and the
youth, with support from a teacher or parent. It is interesting that one way of compensation (not the best, but
possible) is to create a regular "crutch"-one of the transfer of
regulatory functions (such as assistance in the form of full-scale debate in
making responsible decisions) for the subject of an authoritative person. If the degree of subjective activity is high,
even under the most unfavorable in terms of forecasting performance, the nature
of acentuation possible to mobilize all the resources of
individual and on this basis, the formation of highly effective form of
self-regulation.
It should be emphasized that the resources
can be not only internal but external. For example, in our experience was very
significant case in which the highest achievements (the title of Olympic
champion) won the athlete of character accentuation psychasthenic. It is known
that unfavorable feature, the weak point in the character of the accentuation
of the difficulty in the decision-making, avoidance of taking responsibility.
In our case, the compensation of the lack of an athlete was found to rely on
the advice of trusted people (coach, psychologist), is essentially an external
resource, special creations of man as a "social crutch".
In concluding this section, it is logical
to discuss the relation of subjective properties, and will. From the above it
follows that the will power (which incidentally are also our perseverance,
responsibility) undoubtedly belong to the subjective sphere of personality. As
you know, the manifestation of the will is always associated with severe
experience of overcoming difficulties. From our point of view, this indicates
that there is not always really realize the conflict (eg , motivation) in the
field of personality, an important role in overcoming the self-regulation which
can't be overlooked. However, the subjective sphere, of course, is broader and
includes not only such extreme manifestations of subjectivity as to overcome
difficulties and achieve the regulation of most internal and external (to
transform itself) goals of the individual human being. It should also be noted
that not all the subjective qualities are positive in teacher swept away, as
often it seems. For example, the development of high anxiety disrupts and
interferes with the activity, such as effective learning and development of
confidence can become a destructive self-confidence. Apparently, there is an
optimum combination of development and the subjective qualities of a person promoting
the formation of effective styles of self.
Styles of
self-regulation for different personality typologies.
The formation of effective styles possible
with different typologies of personality and character accentuation. This
provision on various types of activities (academic, athletic, professional)
when considering the different personality typologies. In terms of effective
learning styles (as harmonious as well as accented ) can be formed among
students with different types of accentuation. Athletes achieve higher results
and form effective self-regulation styles harmonious sports training,
regardless of the type of character accentuation. Policy as an extroverted,
introverted type and achieved success in the elections, provided a high level
of individual conscious self-regulation [4].
The study involved 430 people, students of
various educational institutions at the age of 16 to 19 years. To diagnose the
type of personality accentuation used a questionnaire-Shmishek, which allows us
to define 10 types of personality accentuation of character: demonstrative,
pedantic, get stuck, excitable, hypertension, anxious, cyclothymiacs, emotive,
dysthymic, affective and excited.
The prevalence of character accentuations
according to different authors vary quite widely, from 60 to 98%. Apparently,
the severity of the youth accentuations to a lesser extent masked by the
socialization of the more in adulthood. In any case, our
data, varying degrees of character accentuations were diagnosed among students
in 82% of cases. So, more often these types of personal accentuation: cyclothymiacs,
emotive, less-exalted, and very rarely demonstrative -dysthymic.
To determine the uniqueness of each type
of self-accentuation of personality has been investigated separately. From the
sample results have been excluded subjects with both high and low values of the general level of self-regulation, since
these characteristics of the subjects of regulation related to their
constitutional type, masked development subjective activation. Clustering and
data were analyzed only those subjects which are indicators of self-regulation
in the area averages and, therefore, manifested most clearly.
It was found that the profiles obtained
for all types of accentuations, have their own specifics to the development of
individual indicators . This specificity has been analyzed and manifestations
of self-regulation styles, isolated previously in our studies. In this way, we
identified were not described, but their personal and conditions or stylistic
features of self-regulation for different types of character accentuations.
Two types of profiles corresponding to the
operational style varieties (84% of the cases in this group). Strength of
regulation in these profiles is the ability to easily explore new situations
and to make corrections in their actions, and the weak - to plan their activity
goals. Most (66% of cases) found a profile that can be classified as a
prerequisite for persistent style, which is characterized by a highly developed
programming ("lookahead") action against a background of relatively
low monitoring and evaluation of the results.
For getting stuck like the most
characteristic and two profiles (in 93% of cases): the first is a prerequisite
for the formation of style (harmonious development of the middle tier of
programming, simulation and evaluation results with the downward trend in the
planning and assessment results with the downward trend of planning and higher
self-30%), while the second has the features of an autonomous identity (the
same average planning, programming and self-reliance and a tendency to reduce
the modeling of significant conditions, 63%).
In 87% of people emotive, and 83% of the
pedantic types of profiles observed in the responsible self-regulation style.
In cyclothymiacs traits in our sample is dominated by an autonomous identity
(91%) and less operational (7%). For members of the demonstrative type because
of its heterogeneity profile of one of three styles: more-rapid (34%), less
autonomous (21%), and very rarely _ a mixed-operating autonomously (e.g
operative , but with a high autonomy, 17%). In the excitable type, features
mostly independent of style (85%) and less operational (17%).For the
affective-exalted in most cases, the operational characteristic of the style.
A special place is occupied by anxious and
dysthymic type of accentuation, since the average level of individual
self-regulation in these groups is much lower than the other typologies. Even
the alarm type selected two profiles of self-regulation: In the first case, the
characteristic features of an autonomous identity (81%) at a low level of
independence, in the second line operational style (17%)at a low level of
flexibility. In subjects such as color features of dysthymic autonomous style, combined with low expression of
reliability.
We emphasize that in the above Research,
we did not associate with the accentuation of the personal efficiency of
self-regulation, we have been important as the specific structure of the
profiles of the potential formation of a particular style of self-regulation,
behavior, and life in general.
Effective development of styles and
subjective qualities for different personality typologies
On the material of educational, sporting
and professional in our studies proved the feasibility of building an effective
style of self practice in all types of character accentuations. To answer this
question, it was necessary to first examine the actual ratio of each personal
character accentuation of effective and ineffective styles of self-regulation,
and secondly, to understand the development of any subjective properties and
characteristics of the profile of self-regulation.
Summarizing the results of this study can
say the following.
With pedantic style of an inefficient type
of accentuation develops much less frequently. For the effective style is
characterized by a high level of planning, programming, evaluation of results,
in combination with high confidence. When alarm type accentuation effective
style is much rarer.
In cyclothymiacs inefficient style
developed more than effective. For the effective style
is characterized by high programming or modeling, and high persistence.
With an emphatic accentuation inefficient
style of type is more common. Effective style of
self-regulation ensures high planning, programming, faithful and drive. In
dysthymic type of accentuation effective style of self-regulation is extremely
rare for him.
People excitable type often develops an inefficient
style. Effective style of self-regulation ensures high planning, programming,
and high confidence and assertiveness. In dysthymic type of accentuation
effective style of self-regulation. Extremely rare, it is characterized by a
high programming and evaluation of results, in combination with a high
development of reflexivity.
Findings
Our studies suggest that
there are stylistic features of self-regulation that is specific to different
types of character. These methods have bestowed upon the nature of the
regulation. That is why the natural formation of effective styles so diverse
with different accentuations character. But there is another regulation
associated with the development of a human subject activity, crystallized in
the subjective qualities. The development of these properties allows you to
create styles for the effective achievement of vital goals. It gives a person
the subject of his life as a possibility to overcome the limitation of his
temperament.
In our view, recognition of the existence
of a regular basis and study the character and temperament allows, on the one
hand, to understand the causes of the creation of psychological typologies, as
a manifestation of the types in "wash out" the phenomenology of
subjective activity. On the other hand, the addition of a picture of the
regulatory basis for the typology and the concepts of subjective qualities,
able to develop a person's character, opens the way for a differentiated
approach to education and training.
List of references:
1.
G.U
Aizenko. Structure of personality. Spb.: Juventa-M. 1999.
2.
Voloskova
N.N.Clinico-psychological aspects of personal prevention of deviant behavior in
children and adolescents with organic disease of the brain. Stavropol: IZD-vo
SGU, 2001
3.
Morosanova
V.I. Individual style of self-regulation: the
phenomenon, the structure and functions of the human activity. M.: Nauka, 1998
4. G. Shmelev Psychodiagnostics personality traits. Spb.: Rech, 2002