UDC 811

METAPHOR AND SECONDARY TERM FORMATION

IN OIL AND GAS BUSINESS TERMINOLOGY

L.Z. Samigullina

Branch of Ufa State Petroleum Technological University

in the City of Oktyabrsky

E.F. Samigullina

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering

Modern social, cultural and economic situation, globalization processes bring forth new tasksin professional activities, require the ability to work with a variety of information and to communicate in multicultural environment.

Professional communication implies a specially organized communication to solve professional tasks in various economy fields, politics, science, etc. The professional communicationeffectiveness and cooperation between various sectors representatives make a huge contribution to the modern society development.

The modern communication style in the industrial sector is focused not only on the professional presentation of concepts. A characteristic feature of modern language for professional communication isa frequent use of emotionally-expressive language means, which noticeably stand out against traditional communication means and impart professional discourse additionalvigour of an argument. In response to growing industry needs and current professional communication metaphoric ways of term formationassume particular importance.

The issue of metaphor possibility in scientific and professional discourses is controversial in the modern scientific community, as traditionally metaphors were associated exclusively with the literary language. The classic claim for expressional and emotional component absence in the term meaning also rejects metaphoric ways of term formation. However, the arguments put forth in appearance put forth in the book by G.Lakoff and M.Johnson “Metaphors we live by”(1990) state that metaphor is not simply a linguistic, but a conceptual means ofmental models constructing and cultural prototypes developing. In their study the authors come to the idea that in view of the fact that metaphors are present in all aspects everyday life, they inevitably shouldbe present in scientific language, since the latter is an integral part of it. Metaphor not only plays an important role in the human thoughtdevelopment, but at the same time contributes to the scientific theories deepening.

Researchers believe that in the terminologization process the expressive component of the semantics is eliminated, but may the image component may retain, and is shifted to the periphery of the lexical meaning of the term [2; p. 8].

The study of nomination peculiarities in the professional sub-languages involves the study of language, thought and realityinteraction, i.e. is initially of cognitive nature.

Among the many functions of metaphor in scientific text the most essential is a communicative function. The cognitive function is also very important. Figurative representations contribute to the research activity enhancement as a metaphor contributes to information obtaining and processing. In the term formed through metaphorical transfer there the basic features of the denoted concepts are present, and this fact explains the special significance of the metaphor nominative function.

Other researchers believe that the purpose of scientific metaphorization is "the actualization of the deep cognitive processes results not only to create a new nominative unit, but rather to represent the individual view on the phenomenon studied, using various associative mechanisms for the generation of the new knowledge in the minds of communication partners" [3; P. 47].

It should be noted that due to the fact that language as one of the main constituents of the culture of individual nation had certain national features, such as national culture and national mentality, having great influence on the process of metaphoric models formation in a human mind. Due to the fact that metaphorical transfers are the result of individual thinking dependent on national-cultural specificity, terminological nomination is largely determined by specific national motivation,the impossibility of absolute equivalence detecting in the ways of expressing the same concepts in structurally different languages seems quite obvious.

The proposed methodology of cognitive and ideographic description [4] allows to create a conceptual classification of substantive anthropomorphic metaphors on the material of the terminological units constituting the oil and gas business terminology.

In this study we considered term units, formed through the metaphorization process, which are in accordance with the developed classification ware referred to the cognitive sphere of "A man (as a living biological sentient being)" and then in subgroups “Man as a living biological being”we could single out the following terminological units formed by means of indirect nomination:breakaway guide arm; arm mixer; walking beam with extended arm; finger-type shoe; finger bit; free hand; double-leg mast; square elbow; hand dog well; womb;well head;vein; limb of fold; anticline limb; anchor palm; line elbow; pipe eye; eye-bolt swivel, etc.

Within the framework of the cognitive sphere “Nature” it was possible to single out such metaphorical term-units as: water-bearing horizon; fault branch; Christmas tree; well bore; wildcat; monkey; fishing basket; crow's nest; graphite flake, etc.

Within the framework of the cognitive sphere “Society” we could single out such metaphorical term-units as: disturbance in the pressure field; drilling mud resistivity; coal beneficiation; drainage front; well shooting, etc.

Within the framework of the cognitive sphere “Cognition” we have singled out the following metaphorical term-units:intermolecular bond; grain structure; excited atom; noble gas; damping winding; bracing member;oil mobility, etc.

As it can be seen from the study, even this incomplete list allows us to draw a conclusion that due to the national perception peculiarities metaphor is responsible for a great amount of termsformed in the English oil and gas term system.

Bibliography:

Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metaphors we live by. – University of Chicago press, 2008.

Озингин, М. В. (2010). Роль метафоры в структурировании и функционировании русской медицинской терминологии. Саратов: Саратовский госуниверситет.

Алексеева, Л. М. (1998). Термин и метафора. Изд-во Пермского Университета.

Самигуллина, Л. З. (2013). Аспекты когнитивной и идеографической характеристики как способ описания профессиональной терминосистемы (на материале русского, татарского, башкирского и английского языков). Международное научное издание современные фундаментальные и прикладные исследования= international scientific periodical modern fundamental and applied researches, 1(1), 88-93.

Kageura K. The Dynamics of Terminology: A descriptive theory of term formation and terminological growth. – John Benjamins Publishing, 2002. – Т. 5.

Temmerman R. Towards new ways of terminology description: The sociocognitive-approach. – John Benjamins Publishing, 2000. – Т. 3.

Humbley J. Metaphor and secondary term formation //Les Cahiers du CIEL, Université Paris. – 2003. – Т. 7.

Mishankina N. A., Deeva A. I. Lingvocognitive specificity of metaphorical modeling in Russian oil and gas terminology // Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. – 2015. – Т. 215. – С. 293-300.