Bazarbayeva M.М.

First-year PhD student of speciality “Literature”

Scientific supervisor: Higher Doctorate of Philological Science, Full Professor Тemirbolat A. B.

Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

bazarbayeva.meruyert@gmail.com

Language peculiarities in the works of bilingual writers

Bilingualism has been in the center of interest of linguists, and also psychologists and sociologists since early times and therefore the references in a definite degree, describing this phenomenon are quite numerous. At the same time opinions and positions of researchers on a number of aspects of the studied problem don't always coincide. It can already be noticed how different authors formulate the concept of bilingualism.

U. Weinreich considers bilingualism as alternate use of two languages [1, 22]. His opinion coincides with the viewpoint of E. M. Vereshchagin, who regards that bilingualism is an ability to use two languages for communication, i.e. "bilingualism is "the mental mechanism..., allowing... to reproduce and generate the speech compositions which consistently belong to two language systems" [2]. It should be noted, however, that there the authors don't consider the problem from a perfection position, i.e. level of languages proficiency and the works considered the extent of knowledge of the second language are of bigger interest: "Under bilingualism... it is necessary to understand knowledge of two different languages or dialects, irrespective of their genetical relations. Absolutely full bilingualism, apparently, isn’t met frequently" [3, 27-28]. Probably, such level of bilingualism is meant by E. Blocher: "It is necessary to understand belonging of the person to two language societies in such degree as bilingualism that there can be doubts about what language is closer or which of them should be accepted his native one or which he uses more willingly or on which he thinks" [4].

L. Bloomfield believes that "When perfect assimilation of a foreign language isn't followed by loss of the native language, there is bilingualism consisting in identical knowledge of two languages" [5, 573].

Most of domestic scientists also define bilingualism as knowledge of two languages to the same extent perfection. In "The dictionary of linguistic terms" of O.S. Akhmanova it is defined as: "Equally perfect knowledge of two languages applied in different conditions of communication" [6, 6]. V.A. Avrorin's definition is close according to the content: "as bilingualism it is necessary to recognize approximately equally free knowledge of two languages..., when degree of knowledge of the second language comes very close to degree of knowledge of the first" [7, 51].

"Practice of alternate use of two languages", across Weinreich, reflects the most neutral interpretation of bilingualism. After Weinreich, K.Kh. Khanazarov simplifies the concept of bilingualism before knowledge of "the second language in the degree sufficient for communication and exchange of thoughts with native speakers of the second language" [8, 23].

The features of the influence of Kazakh on Russian at the level of lexicon are in detail researched in the work of N. K. Dmitriyeva, R. G. Akhmetyanov, I. G. Dobrodomov, N. A. Baskakov, M. M. Kopylenko, Z. K. Akhmetzhanova, M. Sh. Musatayeva, L. A. Shelyakhovskaya, D. D. Shaybakova, etc. It is necessary to give one more version of the characteristic of Russian and its functioning in the territory of Kazakhstan as a regional option of Russian, provided in the doctoral dissertation of D. D. Shaybakova (inorganic language in multiethnic society). According to the opinion of the researcher, when borrowing from Kazakh into Russian in the conditions of direct and permanent contact of the languages there is an adaptation of the Kazakh units to the Russian language system norms. An objective reason of using Kazakh lexemes (regionalisms) in the Russian speech is the lack of alternative. The most considerable layers of regionalisms are the groups of the words designating the specific realities of life of the Kazakhs (for example, names of national dishes, games, ceremonies, ethnomental nomena of type aynalaiyn, etc., relationship names, new names of the state institutes: Mazhilis, maslikhat, akimat, etc.) which are the obligatory components of the speech, that cannot be replaced. They also become the facts of system of regional variant of the Russian language and are used in its standard form [9, 38-39]. The researcher allocates the following types of borrowings from Kazakh: 1) ekzotizms having no alternatives – words like saukele, suyinshi, etc, which are represented as foreign; 2) additive words as aksakal, jigit, etc, changing by rules of the Russian word change; lexical synonyms like feast and dastarkhan, son-in-law and bazha differing in semantic amount; 3) lexical doublets like noodles and kespe, etc. which connotive stratifications are felt in this or that context. We agree with the opinion of the scientist that often used words kazakhizms (regionalisms) are clear within the territory of Kazakhstan and used usually without translation, such like as, besbarmak, baursak; dastarkhan, shanyrak, etc. The researcher also fairly notes the fact that the key concepts of the Kazakh national culture are the condition of forming language symbols. The example of the use of the word shanyrak in which in various contexts, in addition to the major meaning (light, yurta/house dome), acts as metaphorical one (interpretation of the state symbolics of RK) is given [9, 40].

Considering the experience of other world languages (English, French, Spanish, German and some others), such "variants" of Russian will become not only the standard scientific (linguistic) concept over time, but also will be realized by all bearers of this language subculture.

In this regard it is necessary to address the works of the Kazakhstani scientists investigating the problem of bilingualism, multilingualism. So, Z.K. Akhmetzhanova notes that in respect of studying bilingualism it is considered expedient to allocate two directions: social-linguistic and linguistic, each of which can be realized at macro- and microlevel. In carrying out the social-linguistic research of bilingualism at the macro-level the starting point is the social and demographic groups of informants, according to the results of analysis of which it is possible to project the direction of development of mass bilingualism in dynamics and, if necessary, by carrying out specific language policy, to subject this phenomenon to correction. The social and linguistic research of bilingualism at the microlevel assumes identification of connection of bilingualism and individual: influence of bilingualism on the language personality, on language picture of the world, on speech behavior of person, on his axiological picture of the world. In linguistic aspect of studying bilingualism the micro and macrolevel of the research is also possible. At the microlevel the attention is paid to different types of interference. At the macrolevel the linguistic aspect of studying bilingualism assumes researches of influence of bilingualism on the language/speech person. As the scientist notes the researching the stages of bilingualism formation at the certain human is represented especially interesting [10].

The literary discourse of bilingual writers in our case Russian-speaking writers of Kazakhstan creating in the Russian languages is one of the brightest and at the same time extremely difficult manifestations of such variants of Russian in nowadays conditions. In their works interpenetration of two cultures and, the main thing, two language pictures of the world – Kazakh and Russian was shown with the largest depth. It has led to formation within already developed subculture of a special linguocultural phenomenon in which the relationship between the used language code and historical and cultural memory of ethnos (including the certain language personality) carries extremely difficult and ambiguous character [11, 38].

Due to historically developed circumstances the Russian language in Kazakhstan has the special status, it has been during the long period of time and remains the language of international communication in multiethnic Kazakhstan. Now, according to D. D. Shaybakova, in Kazakhstan, on the one hand, there is a high-quality change of a social substratum due to heterogeneity, different public groups, different nationalities society on the other hand, quantitative reduction of collective of primordial native speakers due to outflow of those for whom Russian is native. But the greatest percent of Russian speaking people are bilinguals, first of all Kazakh-Russians. It creates conditions of broad penetration into the speech and language of foreign-language elements. Besides, in consequence of symbiosis of cultures there are groups of population mixed in the ethnocultural relation. Distinctions in perception of the world, different semantization of lexemes include a language in a specific social and cultural context and define its originality. In any culture there are special codes setting all processes of perception [9, 22-23].

Russian-speaking writers in Kazakh Russian-speaking literature were B. Momyshuly, D. Dzhumagulov, O. Suleymenov, A. Alimzhanov, S. Sanbayev, E. Gabbasov, R. Seysenbayev, B. Kanapyanov, B. Kairbekov, K. Bakbergenov, O. Zhanaydarov, H. Bulibekov, A. Didar, A. Zhaksylykov, B. B. Momyshuly, etc.

Each being has a homeland, the homeland that is big and the homeland that is small. In human life the concept "homeland" is associated with the place where he was born and has grown up, where his family lives, where his people live; and both the nature, and objects, and even such imperceptible one as wind, smell of herbs, singing of birds, water murmur, ringing heat, dust, etc. seem native and unique. We find all this in the literary discourse of bilingual writer - it is first of all steppe, aul, open spaces, the sky, the sun, clouds and the life itself. So, for observation we will give fragments from the work of Kazakhstani writer R. Seysenbayev:

"The yellow, thawing in a hot haze steppe, the Kazakh steppe is endless and without edge, the native steppe, it is free stretched under the clear sky, – he thought that on all space of the great steppe there is the quiet and measured life: there and here the full, quick gophers flash, the chirr of grasshoppers is heard, the flocks of restless sparrows fly up with noise, and this life of the steppe, with its invariable centuries-old way, with a set of sounds, paints, lines importunately reminded him that there was nothing in the world more expensively and more considerably, than space, time, freedom" [12, 129]. In this example the word the Kazakh steppe is specified, this word is intended only for Kazakh people. Here we will see what wonderful life the Kazakhs have, birds rustle. The writer uses epithets: quiet and measured life, full, quick gophers, flocks of restless sparrows.

"Quite recently an appointment has been permitted – Mergen, the grandson of the old man Sabyr, the zhyrau-singer of ancient legends for whom Abylay stood up that evening arrived in the colony unexpectedly. And, having only seen Mergen, having remembered Sabyr, Abylay understood, why these yellow boundless steppe spaces, these paints, smells and sounds seemed to him native: the colony was located in eighty kilometers from that aul where Sabyr and his grandson lived and where he for the first time heard strange sounds of the dombra of an aksakal where there was the lake, in which then Omar-aga, Volodya, Mergen and he Abylay cheerfully lapped where the monument to Omar from white marble was lonely standing and which was raised by grateful fellow villagers of Sabyr about what the old man interpreted Abylay before, all this happened. This terrible, this nonsense which became a reality" [12, 129].

R. Seysenbayev used a great amount of Kazakh words in his works. For example: aksakal, zhyrau-singer, dombra. These realities especially often are used in the direct speech, not actually direct and author's speech – in the form of address words, or just in names of this or that person without comments and translation, excepting separate cases.

Lexical explicators of literary space functionally and semantically concentrate and form in the text the functional and text paradigms of words with spatial meaning of the Russian and Kazakh languages: steppe, aul. The writer expresses the picture of the world of contaminated nature though the national significant element motivated with national (Kazakh) mentality of the creator of literary discourse acts as dominant in it.

References:

1. Weinreich U. One language and multilingualism//New in linguistics. – Issue VI. Language contacts. – M.: Progress, 1972. – P. 25-60.

2. Vereshchagin E. M. To a problem of diffferent systems accessory of lexemes at bilingualism. – M, 1966.

3. Akhunzyanov E. M. Bilingualism and lexical-semantic interference. – Kazan: Publishing houseof Kazan University, 1978. – 189 p.

4. Biocher E. Zweisprachigkeit Vorteiie und Nachteile Handbuch der Pedagogik Wrein Zungenselzu. – 1909. – Bund 10. – S. 665.

5. Blumfild L. Linguistic heritage of the XX century. – M, 2010. – 610 p.

6. Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. – M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1966. – 605 p.

7. Avrorin V. A. Bilingualism and school // Problem of bilingualism and multilingualism. – M, 1972. – P. 49-62.

8. Hanazarov K. H. Socialist culture – a great gain of the Soviet people. – M.: Knowledge, 1972. – 32 p.

9. Shaybakova D. D. Functioning of inorganic language in multiethnic society (on Russian material in Kazakhstan): diss. the sis … of Dr. of philol. sciences: 10.02.19. Almaty, 2006. – 50 p.

10. Akhmetzhanova Z. K. Comparative linguistics: Kazakh and Russian languages. – Almaty: Alliance-2, 2005. – 408 p.

11. Tumanova A. B. Contaminated language picture of the world in a literary discourse of the bilingual writer. Monograph. – Almaty: KBTU, 2010. – 260 p.

12. Seysenbayev R. Sh. "Throne of a Satan": Novels; Stories. – M.: Art literature, 1988. – 511 p.