MAKHAMBET AND HISTORY

Кульбаева М.М., А.Байтұрсынов атындағы Қостанай мемлекеттік университетінің аға оқытушысы , филология магистрі

Шопанов Амир А.Байтұрсынов атындағы Қостанай мемлекеттік университеті,ВжМШФ, 2 курс студенті

Makhambet Utemisov is the courageous fighter against violence, he has approved civil lyrics, high patriotic spirit, the idea of fight in the Kazakh literature. Makhambet Utemisov's creativity is closely connected with public and social life of the time. The armed revolt of the labor population against the khan's power was the central theme of works of the poet. All highlights of a revolt under the leadership of Isatay Taymanov found reflection in Makhambet's verses. In poems "Пока скакуна не смиришь ты, ездок", "Беркут мой", "Битва Исатая", the poet describes readiness for fight when «перед ними почуя страх, хан взмолился своим богам». In other works «Призыв к походу», «На наше дело нужен черный нар» created by the poet he urged them to fight prior to a victory. Defeat of insurgents, death of the head of a revolt Isatay Taymanov, rigid punishment of enemies of captured insurgents are reflected in poems «Аргмак настигнут стрелой», «Мглистый день», «Отставший лебедь», «Нарын». «Кто не успел укрыться в степях, толпой в Оренбург ты угнал, злодей», in such form the poet addressed to the Dzhangir khan. His songs where it is said that mistakes have been made, the objectives of a revolt haven't been achieved are imbued with pain and bitterness. During participation in Isatay Taymanov's revolt, the poet considers himself "his helper". Socio-political verses of Makhambet Utemisov are brilliant also on art expression. The poet has considerably expanded expressive opportunities of the Kazakh verse. Makhambet's verses express the most various phenomena of life of society, a thought and mood, feeling of people. The sentimental and sensitive or religious and mystical lyrics of some contemporaries, for example, Dulat's and Shortanbay's creativity is alien to Makhambet. M. Utemisov's verses united by pathos of optimism, patriotism, fight, hatred to despotism, to the power are close to style of civil and heroic romanticism. These are monologues («Пока скакуна не смиришь ты, ездок», «Мглистый день», «Великая мечта», «Оставшийся лебедь», «Песня в изгнании»), odes («Беркут мой», «Таким я был, да, я таков»), elegies («Аргамак, настигнутый стрелой», «Нарын», «Чибис»), reflections («Что лучше?», «Если озеро станет бледной водой», «Как на севере красный изен») and etc. There are a lot of expressive epithets, metaphors, comparisons. Verses of the poet abound with words of socio-political coloring: «герой», «батыр», «стяг», «клич боевой», «поход», «в дни войны», «битва», «воля», «вольность», «битва с рабством», «плен», «ставка хана», «злодей», «народа», «что делать, если твой народ забыт» [1,5].

Epithets are emotional, many of them are traditional: «острый клинок», «лихой конь», «бесконечная степь», «степной ветер», «сочные луга», «высокий и надежный лук», «черный нар», «белая юрта», «унылый и мглистый день», «горестный Махамбет», «родная крепость», «родительская, милая земля», «любимая страна», «безудержный страх», «смертельная тоска», «горючие печали», «жаркая борьба», «злые ханские сынки», «черный коршун», «рвусь в битву на огненно-рыжем коне», «смертельный удар», «буйный бег». Social associations of verses of the poet amplify also the metaphors characterizing the growing intensity of emotions of national fighters. There are also metaphors reflecting growth of rebellious consciousness of Utemisov along with traditional metaphors «мой беркут», «поистине был львом», «ты-всех опережающий скакун», «лебедь я, был сокол отцом», «острым, грозным мечом я был». The spirit of mutinousness is brilliantly transmitted, in such metaphors as «топором, отточенном до сини был я», «разгневаюсь – стану булатом в бою», «я был стрелою красною, стрелою, разящего врага», «высок я – твоя не достанет рука, попробуй – не лучше ль достать облака», «вышли биться с рабством в чистом поле», «огонь страстей кипит в крови». Makhambet has compared his melancholy for the native land to a lonely swan, who lagged behind pack. M. Utemisov's verses reflections are expressive and beautiful: «Что лучше?», «Коль аргамаком твой конь рожден», «В небе жаворонок поет» и др. There are instructive thoughts of meaning of life, light and shady sides of life, situation and destiny of the people in them. All his verses are penetrated by a deep thought about need of service to the native land. The Anuar Alimzhanov's novel «Стрела Махамбета» is devoted to the description of a rough historical era in which the freedom-loving poet Makhambet Utemisov lived and created. Commemorative coin of 50 tenge, devoted to the 200th anniversary of the birth of Makhambet. On the place of death of the poet built the mazar mausoleum in 40 km from the settlement of Inderborsky in the Atyrau region. Annually at the mausoleum literary readings according to Makhambet's works take place[2]. The monument in the city of Uralsk is established to Makhambet. The regional center in the Atyrau region of Kazakhstan is called by the name of Makhambet. In Alma-Ata by a method of the famous Russian sculptor – anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov Makhambet Utemisov's shape has been recreated. This unique work was performed by his pupil, the Kazakhstan scientist Noel Shayakhmetov.Makhambet Utemisov's poetry will forever keep historical literary value as a monument of civil and heroic courage. Makhambet's verses foretold style of democratic poetry of the second half of the 19th century the subject of a feat for the sake of the people and sincerity of feelings. Their influence is notable in verses and poems of both pre-revolutionary and modern poets. The bright flash of people's wrath and the poetry of the poet were remembered to descendants.Special parts in the work of the poet are images of Isatay and violence of feudal lords. In verses about Isatay the traditional folklore image of the hero includes also realistic lines and details. Writing about the leader of a revolt, the poet doesn't forget to write also about failures which he has allowed at a siege of the Khan's rate. Makhambet considered that the Khan's sort is an eternal enemy of workers. It has found reflection in works of the poet therefore his verses have gained propaganda character. Dranggir khan has decided to keep with himself clever, talented, young Makhambet and he has made him the mentor of the successor. The khan wanted to make him one of advisers and the court poet[4]. However it didn't happen. Stay in the Khan's environment has given the chance to Makhambet to learn injustice of the khan's power. When he was convinced that many disasters of the people proceed from Dzhangir and his sultans, Makhambet has refused to serve the khan. Makhambet was imprisoned, but he managed to run away. The people cover courageous poet from khan's rage. Nothing has broken Makhambet: the songs he continued to expose crimes of the khan and his sultans, urged the people not to bear humiliations and to act on fight for the human dignity. All main works of Makhambet are variations of uniform motive. More terribly than the sharpest weapon for khans and sultans there were his songs in which this ardent appeal sounded. Makhambet in the work damns the Dzhangir khan, saying ritually magic statement which sounds so: «пади на тебя, придави тебя тяжесть вражеского духа, духа демона». This spell has deep historical roots and rather broad distribution in the people. Zhyrau of XҮІІІ centuries, Margaska, has used it damning the Tashkent's khan Tursyn. At each people and at every era were and there are legendary heroes about whom glory doesn't grow dim in centuries. Poets, commanders, soldiers. natures passionate and free. Makhambet widely used national poetic traditions, creating Isatay Taymanov's image. By means of hyperboles, the poet emphasized such qualities of the hero as volition, force, courage. Besides, traditions of folklore have helped the singer to express the idea of indissoluble unity of the hero with the people. The name was always significant in the steppe. The name has to be spotless, pure, and light. The name has been sung also in Makhambet's poetry. He has sung of a name of the close friend, colleague, batyr – Isatay Taymanov. They have together begun fight against dictatorship of the double power – khan's and imperial. They have managed to lift many thousands army of the Kazakh youth and all oppressed on this fight. They knew the own worth, knew the advantage, knew the Name. It sounds in the name of his works, in subject, semantic contents. Unusual filling of an image of the author is peculiar for the Kazakh poetry. The batyr is «er». Er is the man, the defender, the hero. Man's family glorifies his honor.Transition from judgments to publicism is characteristic of philosophical lyrics of Makhambet. The lyric poet Makhambet differs not only in depth of a thought and intensity of emotions, but also of art perfection. Makhambet follows traditions of akyns in use of graphic means. Makhambet's images closely adjoin to poetics which was perfected in poetic competitions of akyns of that time. The excite attitude of Makhambet towards the hero has allowed it to expand expressive opportunities of the Kazakh verse considerably. In Makhambet's works traditional zhyr has received surprising flexibility, with an identical force transferring the most various intonations – for anger to the concealed grief. Needless to say that the great Kazakh poet has laid down life for honor and freedom of the native people. As feather to him served the fighting sword, and ardent poetic monologues said by him fell not on paper, and in memory to the people to remain in her forever. Makhambet is the national pride of Kazakhs[3,35]. Makhambet's word, as well as his sword was effective and sharply. The Kazakh governors were afraid of his fatally stinging poetry. And if the zhyraus of ХҮ-ХҮІІІ centuries felt themselves as lawyers of the people, then batyrs of ХІХ century were defenders of the people from the governors. Makhambet very early realized his place in society.

References:

1. Adibayev KH.A. O yazike kazakhskoi poezii / KH.A. Adibayev.-Alma-ata: Izd-vo Mektep, - 1967.-170 s.-

2. Nazarova O.V., Litvinenko V.V. Kazakhskaya literatura: Uchebnik khrestomatiya. Chast I/ O.V., Nazarova V.V.Litvinenko –Astana; Izd-vo Foliant, 2007.-632s.-

3. Satpayeva SH.K. Adibayev KH.A. Kazakhskaya literatura. Uchebnik dlya studentov folologicheskikh fakultetov/ Satpayeva SH.K. Adibayev KH.A- Alma-ata: Izd-vo,-1985.-280 s.-

4. Almuratova A.N. O novykh perevodah poezii Makhambeta Utemisova/ Almuratova A.N.- Nauka i visshaya shkola Kazakhstana .№1, 15.01.2005 god