УДК 582.998.1(574.23)

G. J. Sultangazina, Y. A. Simanova

A.Baitursynov Kostanai State University, Kostanay

TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FAMILY ASTERACEAE Dumort. OF THE FLORA OF NATURAL PARK “BURABAY”

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the research of the flora of State National Nature Park "Burabay". The taxonomic analysis of the species of Asteraceae family is considered. Obtained materials are the results of field studies (2010 - 2015), the literature data are taken into account.

Keywords: State National Nature Park, Kokshetau Upland, flora, taxonomic analysis, family, species, genera.

Currently, the principles of the unified state system of environmental monitoring are being laid in the study of modern flora where an important place is given to tracking the status of fitobioty. Biodiversity is not static and is constantly changing. It was formed as a result of genetic changes and evolutionary processes. Currently, biodiversity is in the decline due to habitat degradation, size reduction of some populations and species extinction [1].

Floristic analysis makes it possible to determine the characteristics of the gene pool of species, the prospects for its use and the degree of importance of its preservation. The works of many researchers are devoted to this issue. [2, 3]

However, this applies to the flora generally. As for the major taxa in the rank of family types which normally make up a small part of the flora, such investigations are rare in the literature [4].

Identification of the species, the generic composition and analysis of the flora of any territory can detect individual floral features; provide material for the restoration of the history of formation of flora and changing trends. This is the basis of rational use of plant resources, and the organization of protection of rare and endangered plant species.

Kokshetau Upland is the northern part of Sary-Arka, low mountain massif in Kazakhstan up to 947 m in height ( Kokshe). The landscape is characterized by great diversity. Kokshetau Upland is composed of ancient rocks of Archean and Proterozoic origin (gneiss, quartzite, phyllites, schists). The eastern part is framed by volcanic-sedimentary of folded Lower Paleozoic strata. The slopes are covered with pine forest. In the lows there are birch and aspen small-leaved forests.

The climate is sharply continental, insufficiently humidified. Average annual precipitation is 300-390 mm, in the northern and western windward slopes up to 500 mm. Winter is cold, the average January temperature is -18 ° C minimum -46 ° -48 ° C. Summer is moderately dry, warm, the average July temperature is +19 +20 ° C, maximum up to + 42 ° C. Soils are mountain-forest, mountain chernozems. Common pine and pine-birch forests are common on the Kokshetau Upland on cryptopodzolic and forest dark-colored soils, and there are also aspen-birch forests on dark-colored soils and malt on denudation plains , interspersed with rich-forb-redfeather steppes on ordinary chernozems developed on hill denudation and accumulative foothill plains and loops.

Major rivers flowing through the Kokshetau Upland:The Imanbulak, the Arkanburluk, the Zhylandy the Zhabay ; Lakes: Imantau, Zerendiskoye, Borovoye, Shchuchye . Rivers are generally dry most of the year. Lakes often have salt and brackish water [5, 6 ].

Floristic studies were limited by the territory of the State National Nature Park (SNNP) "Burabay". The area of National Park is 129,935 hectares, which is about 1/5 of the area of Kokshetau Upland. The work was based on the field research expeditions of 2010-2015. The studies were conducted by a routing method. The study covered the territory of ten forestry of SNNP "Burabay". As a result of extensive research herbarium material was collected. Collection of herbarium specimens is kept at the Department of Biology and Chemistry of A.Baitursynov Kostanay State University.

Flora of the State "Burabay" National Park is rich and diverse. It comprises 691 kind of higher vascular plants. One of the largest families of the flora of the region within the first ten systematic spectrums is the family Asteraceae Dumort., species of which are important components of a variety of plant communities [7].

The family Asteraceae is one of the largest families of flora in the world. It comprises more than 1,500 genera and over 20 000 species, widespread throughout the globe. In Kazakhstan, the family is represented by 146 genera and 883 species. [8] In the "Flora of Kazakhstan" on the territory of Kokshetau Upland 71 species are represented [9].

Our targeted research revealed that in the national park "Burabay" 86 species are found which belong to 36 genera, 16 subtribe, 7 tribes and three subfamilies.

Within the Nature Park "Burabay" the most numerous in the number of genera is the tribe - Cichorieae, having in its composition 9 genera (Table 1.).

Table 1 - Distribution of species Asteraceae Dumort family of the flora of Nature Park "Burabay" according to taxonomic units

Подсемейство	Триба	Подтриба	Род	Число видов
1	2	3	4	5
I.Cichorioideae (Juss.) Kitam.	1.Cichorieae Cass.	1.Lactucinae Less.	1.Crepis L.	3
			2.Hieracium Cass.	2
			3.Lactuca L.	3
			4.Pilosella Hill.	2
			5.Sonchus L.	1
			6.Taraxacum Wigg.	2
		2.Scorzoneraciae Dum.	7.Scorzonera L.	7
			8.Tragopogon L.	2
		3.Hypochaeridinae Less.	9.Trommsdorffia Bernh.	1
II.Carduoideae Kitam.	2.Cardueae Kitam. = Cynareae Less.	4.Carduinae Kitam.	10.Carduus L.	1
			11.Cirsium Mill.	5
		5.Centaureinae O. Hoffm.	12. Centaurea L.	1
			13. Serratula L.	4
		6.Cynarinae O. Hoffm.	14.Arctium L.	1
			15.Jurinea Cass.	1
			16.Saussurea D.C.	2
	3.Echinopsideae Cass.	7.Echinopsidinae Cass.	17.Echinops L.	1
III.Asteroideae(Cass)Lindley.	4. Astereae Cass.	8.Asterinae Cass.	18.Aster L.	1
			19.Erigeron L.	2
			20.Galatella Cass.	3
			21.Tripolium Ledeb.	1
		9.Filagineae Polj.	22.Filago L.	1
		10.Solidaginae O. Hoffm.	23.Solidago L.	1
	5.Anthemidea Cass.	11.Chrysanteminae O. Hoffm.	24.Leucanthemum Mill.	1
			25.Tanacetum L.	1
1	2	3	4	5
26.TripleurospermumSch. Bip.	1
12.Anthemidinae(Cass)O. Hoffm.	27.Achillea L.	4
	28.Anthemis L.	1
13.Artemisinae Darijma	29.Artemisia L.	17
6.Senecioneae Cass.	14.Senecioninae(Cass) R. Kam.	30.Ligularia Cass.	1
		31.Petasites Mill.	1
		32.Senecio L.	4
		33.Tephroseris Rchb.	2
		34.Tussilago L.	1
7.Inuleae Cass.	15.Gnaphalinae Reichenb.	35.Antennaria Gaertn.	1
	16.Inulinae Cass.	36.Inula L.	3

7 genera belong to the tribe Cardueae and 6 genera belong to the tribes Astereaei Anthemidea. Tribe Cardueae is quite large in the number of genera, it is 15, trailing only Anthemideai Cichorieae, which include 23 and 25 genera relevantly. The smallest tribe in the number of genera is - Echinopsideae, which includes only 1 genus. 4 genera belong to the tribe Inuleaeotnositsya, and 9 genera belong to the tribes Astereaei Senecioneae per tribe.

Generic spectrum of the family is given in the diagram (Figure 1). From it can be seen that the largest genera of the family are: Artemisia, constituting 19.77% (17 species); Scorzonera - 8,13% (7 species), Cirsium- 5,81% (5 species). Genera Achillea, Centaurea, contain 4 types per genera and respectively make up to 4, 66% of all members of the Asteraceae family, and Crepis, Galatella, Inula – up to 3.49% as per (3 types).

Figure 1 - Generic spectrum of Asteraceae Dumort family of the flora of Nature Park "Burabay"

In general, the major genera of the family Asteraceae are composed of 53 species, accounting for 62% of all types of the family Asteraceae of the flora of the studied area. The remaining 33 species and 38% accounted for 1-2 species genera of the family Asteraceae.

Some mathematical indices to assess the complexity of the taxonomic structure [10] or flora autonomy [11], as well as analysis of the interaction of different typological characteristics of flora [12] are not widely used or misused.

An important taxonomic flora characteristic is the ratio of the number of genera and species. As pointed out by A. Tolmachev [13], increased autochthonous development leads to a relative enrichment of flora species, whereas allochthonous development leads to a relative enrichment of genera. L.Malyshev [14, 15] proposed an empirical formula that allows to calculate the expected number of species in flora according to the actual number of genera. As model data he used the wealth of species and genera in districts of flora of the former USSR and the truncated equation of the parabola of the second degree:

S'= 314,1 + 0,0045383 * G2;

According to the relative magnitude of discrepancy of the real number of species it can be expected to judge the extent of identity or autonomy of flora (value A):

A = (S-S ') / S, where S - the actual and S' - the estimated number of species in flora, G - the actual number of genera.

In different works Malyshev called the indicator "A" differently: the index of autonomy [10], the index of autochthonous-allochthonous [14] or the originality index [16]. If the index is negative - the development of the flora was dominated by allochthonous trends, if positive - autochthonous.

Then, according to the above formula, the index of the autonomy of the flora family of "Burabay" Natural Park will be:

S'= 314,1 + 0,0045383 * 362, hence A = - 2.7

A negative value of the autonomy index indicates the predominance of allochthonous trends and the role of large migration of species of the family Asteraceae of flora of Kokshetau Upland.

The complexity index of the systematic structure [7] reflects the level of wealth (number of taxonomic units of different ranks) and the degree of uniformity of taxa distribution of lower rank among higher taxa rank. It is calculated as a function of H-Shannon-Weaver [17]

H = - Σpi log 2(pi), where pi is the proportion of the number of taxa of lower rank within each taxon of higher rank in relation to the total number of taxa of lower rank in the flora [10].

Hence H = - Σ12,4 log2 (12,4) = - Σ12,4 * 1,88 = - Σ23,31

H-function takes the maximum value under the full evenness of the distribution, that is, if all the families have the same number of species. Since this index depends on the number of higher rank taxonomic units, it is not that its absolute value matters but its relation to the theoretical maximum for a specific number of higher rank taxonomic units (genera). This ratio is called N′ function (N′ = H / Hmax), an indicator of convergence of the distribution of species to maximize uniformity, or the maximum systemic complexity.

Then Hmax = - Σ36,5 log2 (36,5) = - Σ36,5 * 2,46 = - Σ89,79, hence N′ = - Σ23,31 / - Σ89,79 = 0,3

The complicity index of the systematic structure of Asteraceae family indicates the approximate distribution of species in the family to the maximum evenness.

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