Экономические науки/1. Банки и банковская система
Master of 1 course
of the Institute of World Economy and Finance
Bokova Natalia
Volgograd State University, Russia
The
impact of the migration process on the state of public finances
Migrants stop to pay
taxes in the country of origin, but faced with the need to pay the new taxes in
the new country of residence. This includes income tax, sales tax, property
taxes (either direct or in the form of rent for housing), as well as the taxes
levied in accordance with the social insurance programs, plus the service in
the army. Migrants also switch from one set of public goods on the other, they
will enjoy the benefits of the new system of national security, the protection
of the police, to enjoy new landscapes, to study at the new school, giving up
the same services in their home countries, they also acquire the rights to the
new transfer payments, such as unemployment insurance, social security and
normal benefits. Migration is part of the modern world of globalization. The
existing huge scale migration involves a turnover of millions of people,
reshaping the ethnographic map of the world, tightening competition on the
world labor market. Migration - a phenomenon the inevitable consequence of
which becomes a complication of economic and social life. And at the same time,
it opens up new possibilities. Major cities and densely populated regions of
Russia are the most interesting for migrants in terms of economic instability
it causes tension in the social infrastructure and the labor market. At the
official level of unemployment of the order of 5, 5 million foreign labor
migrants according to State Statistics Committee took about 4 million jobs.
According to forecasts by 2030 their number will reach read 20% of the population.
This "perspective" of migration processes in the society is perceived
very negatively.
A particular problem
for many countries is illegal migration, which consists of three components:
illegal entry, illegal residence and illegal employment. In Russia, the most
common illegal employment. Of those who work, work permits are less than 30%,
and registration at the place of residence - 50% and those mostly false.
Migrants working in different areas. For example, in Moscow, they have such a
distribution:
43% - in construction
(laborers, masons and concrete workers, etc...);
21% - are traded on
commodity and food markets;
14% - repair apartments
and other properties;
8% - worked as a mechanic
in the service station;
6% - working at the
grassroots positions in restaurants and cafes;
5% - worked as a
driver of social transport;
3% - office workers.
Migration often has a
criminogenic nature, which aggravates the already complicated criminal
situation in the country. According to the Prosecutor General's Office 96
thousand criminals on the wanted list in the CIS, are now under the guise of
immigrants in Russia. In his speech at the Government Hour in the State Duma of
the main priorities of migration policy and the measures taken by the Russian
Federation to improve the existing legislation by the government, Deputy
Interior Minister Alexander Chekalin said that over the past 10 years the
number of crimes committed by foreign citizens in Russia increased by 2, 5
times. The share of CIS citizens is over 90 percent. An analysis of threats to
Russia's national security in the sphere of migration revealed that primarily
they are associated, albeit marginally, with the formation of various criminal
ethnic communities, mono-ethnic business, the shadow economy in the region with
the involvement of illegal migrants. All this creates a lot of problems for the
government and society. On the Russian Security Council meeting in October last
year, it was stated that the problem of illegal immigration and related
criminal activity, have reached the scale of threats to national security.
The main flow of
illegal migration of about (90%) in Russia comes from the CIS countries (10%) -
from foreign countries, mainly from Southeast Asia. The number of illegal
migrants in the regions of Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Saratov,
Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk and the surrounding region,
the Republic of Buryatia, Omsk and Orenburg region) ranges from 0, 5 to 3% of
the population in Moscow it is more than 10%. Of course, the catalyst for the
influx of illegal migrants in Russia is simplified and visa-free regime with
the CIS countries. A survey of migrants showed that guest visas in Russia
entered (39%), travel (31%) and training (11%). Part of the respondents (16%) moved
into Russia without visas, using the visa-free regime with the CIS countries.
Illegally crossed the border (3%). These c different parts of the Russian
border and interviewing detainees at border crossings showed that the main
directions of illegal migration flows are: a) to enter the Russian Federation:
Russian, Chinese, Russian, Mongolian and Russian-Kazakh state border, air trip
to Moscow passes and St. Petersburg; b) to leave the Russian Federation - the
Russian-Finnish border, the border with the Baltic states, the
Russian-Ukrainian border, air trip to Moscow passes and St. Petersburg recent
years, many countries, especially in Europe, are suffering from a demographic
crisis, a lack of workers. In our country, the contours of the problem began to
emerge, since the 80s, when the ratio of working age entering and coming out of
it was a critical change of generations. Within ten years, Russia has entered a
period of depopulation. Every year the country for various reasons, lost nearly
a million people, of them of working age in the middle dies 450 thousand men
and 60 thousand women. Reducing the number of working population in relation to
pensioners will lead to a strain on the social security system and shortages in
the labor market. The annual US report forecast (Mapping the Global Future)
developments in the world until 2020, prepared by the authoritative National
Council on US intelligence, the authors of the study rather pessimistic seen
the demographic future of Russia "will continue the current trend of
declining fertility and reduction in life expectancy, which can seriously
affect the political development, as well as human resources and human health.
"
Obviously, if Russia
will increase economic growth and demand for labor, the demographic problem may
be a factor limiting the opportunities for economic and social growth. The
workforce will be perhaps the most scarce resource. Population migration
(primarily labor) - normal and even positive development, allowing to fill a
natural loss of able-bodied persons as a result of aging and death. Analysis of
the migration processes in Russia shows that the main source of the country's
population and labor force growth over the past decades is the migration.
In these
circumstances, even if someone does not like, migration becomes a factor
objectively desirable and necessary for Russia. So far, only holding back the
migration of a sharp reduction in the country's population and makes up for its
workforce. Therefore, in recent years the state considers migrants not just as
limitchikov as well as a strategic work force. At the same time, excess
uncontrolled migration is dangerous because it can change the cultural and
ethnographic map of the country to weaken its social and political unity. Hence
the understandable fears of the Federation Council S. Mironov, who spoke
against the decision of demographic problems in Russia only at the expense of
workers, pointing to the well-known events in France. The speaker of the upper
chamber for increasing the birth rate and to bring Russia's population of 300
million. Man. In his annual address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian
Federation VV Putin stressed that the demographic situation in the country
should be changed, and this should be done with the help of three components.
The first - reduction in mortality. The second - an effective migration policy.
And the third - increasing the birth rate. "No action in the field of
migration will not be allowed to solve the problem without increasing the birth
rate" - indicates the former head of state. For this purpose, he believes
it is necessary to conduct a demographic and family policy, to create normal
conditions for the birth and upbringing of children. "To improve the lives
of people - Prime - Minister - in Russia, there is a huge potential."
For Russia, with its
huge territory and vast expanses question demographic stability to ensure the
integrity of the state and national security is especially important. In our
Far Eastern neighbors who have territorial claims to Russia, there is another
problem, the extreme shortage of land suitable for life. According to RAMS
Academician VP Treasurers, throughout the Asian part of Russia for 2025-2030
years. It will be only 8-9 million. People of working age, while on the other side
of the Chinese border will be up to 600 million. man. Will Russia be able to
withstand such pressure? What can we oppose? In such circumstances, as if we
ourselves do not be strangers in their own country! Already, citizens of China
in the Far East account for about half of the population in some areas of the
Amur Region, Khabarovsk and Primorye territories. They are a lot of companies
involved in visa support and registration documents to the Chinese, seeking to
immigrate to Russia. There were firm specializing in the development of new
Russian cities, where only heard about the Chinese. There is a concentration of
the means of Chinese businessmen in Russia to organize their supplies to China
via the natural raw materials and industrial products. At the same time, from
China to Russia is the importation of large consignments of low-quality goods,
foodstuffs and smuggling.
The reduction of the
indigenous population of the border areas in the east and the mass settlement
of immigrants does not meet the geopolitical interests of the Russian
Federation. The situation in the Far East requires urgent action: 1) the
strengthening of control and visa service at the border to prevent illegal
migration; 2) the establishment of normal socio-economic conditions for the
local population; 3) mass attraction of immigrants from the CIS countries in
the region with the prospect of employment and obtaining Russian citizenship.
All of this should
help to solve the following tasks:
- Occupancy of vacant
lands and protect them from the expansion of the migration from the countries
of Southeast Asia;
- Weakening of
migration flows in the densely populated central and southern regions of the
country;
- A decrease in the
outflow of local people into the country.
State migration situation
in Russia reveals the ineffectiveness of the existing immigration legislation
and the weakness of the official structures dealing with accounting and
employment of labor migration. Russia in recent years began to resemble a free
labor market, where workers come in droves, leaving no one, in fact, does not
know where they were, what they were doing. According to the Federal Migration
Service (FMS), only one year in Russia vzezzhaet to 20 million workers, and
only 15% have a written contract with the employer. It speaks of a very low
level of formalization of labor relations of migrants with the employer. This
is primarily a negative impact on social and legal protection of migrant
workers themselves. It does not profitable to this state by the Treasury which
are huge amounts of money. Many illegal immigrants working on the trading
markets. For example, the 170 markets officially registered in Moscow alone.
Last year, the treasury with them received 468 million rubles in taxes, while
the turnover in these markets amounted to 300 billion rubles. Economic damage
from the shadow economy is estimated billions of dollars flowing out of the
country. According to the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, only
direct damages inflicted by illegal immigrants each year, up more than 200
billion rubles. For comparison, 200 billion rubles from the federal budget
comparable to the cost allocated this year to education and social policy. The
amount of remittances from Russia of Georgian citizens is about 20% of the GDP
of the country, citizens of Moldova - 30%. Almost 50% of all Russian banks
purchased in foreign currency in cash is claimed by the documents of
foreigners. Last year, this figure amounted to nearly $ 8 billion. Much of this
money ends up in the pockets of our corrupt officials who turn a blind eye to
numerous violations of the migrants. The country has already formed
"systemic corruption", which gives rise to illegal migration, feeding
from it and covers it. According to expert estimates, Russian officials a year
take all sorts of bribes of up to 40 billion dollars, is definitely not a small
part of this money comes from and migrants.
This situation is not
normal, when enriched with all but the state. It is urgent to bring migration
from the informal sector, to give it a civilized, to recover financial losses;
ensure that migration has become a factor of social and economic growth of the
country, rather than a threat to its national security.
At the same time it
is necessary to change attitudes in society and to individual migrants
themselves. They are, one might say, are in the modern-day slaves, whose labor
costs virtually nothing. In order to obtain excess profits entrepreneurs prefer
to illegal work, employers' approach to guest workers is simple: shovel more,
pay less. From migrant workers squeeze everything and yet at the same time save
on the elementary requirements of labor protection, often resulting in serious
injury and loss of life.
An example of this
tragedy which occurred at the Basmanny market in Moscow, as a result of the
roof collapse killed 66 people. All but two were immigrants from the CIS
countries. What a year for the same reasons die of migrant workers in the
workplace and on construction sites, apparently, very few people are interested
in, and no one is responsible. Migrants, neither of which are not insured and
virtually defenseless against any violation of their rights and interests. This
is actively used by criminal groups, creating a black labor market under the
laws of the Middle Ages. To bring order to this sphere, first of all, it is
necessary to legalize the migrants to protect their modest law. It is necessary
to allow guest workers are working honestly, to live in humane conditions, pay
taxes to the state, rather than a bribe officials and police.
We believe that the
best way - quotas on migration, as it is done in Western countries, first of
all, it will reduce the flow of illegal immigration, and secondly, it will
enable the selection of personnel, because we need good specialists, doctors,
engineers, programmers, and not only janitors. Yet for better control and
placement of migrants, it is necessary in each region to create their own
employment agency with its data bank. On the basis of the law establish the
procedure when the migrant with a mandate could get a job with an employer only
through the stock exchange, at the same time it must be guaranteed the normal
working conditions, wages and social package. From the employer's stamp duty
should be levied for each migrant. Unbeknownst to the exchange should not be
any employment contract with it all must regularly pay taxes to the state. It
is necessary to ensure that the migration processes in the Russian Federation
became a positive factor contributing to economic development, the improvement
of the demographic situation and the security of the country. The government
was faced with the difficult task of protecting the population against illegal
migration and the preservation of cultural identity to solve the growing problem
of demographic imbalance, if necessary. "If today the company will turn a
blind eye to the growing nationalism, tomorrow it can close your eyes to this
society."
Even a cursory
analysis of the migration situation in the country leads to the following conclusion:
the people except negativity and concern for our future migration issues did
not cause.
Uncontrolled
migration is dangerous to change the historically established map regions, lead
to ethnic and religious tension, aggravation of criminal situation in the
country. The official said often lurks some confusion because the measures
taken to combat illegal migration do not give the desired effect. Experts
working in the migration services of the Interior Ministry and other government
agencies, it is believed that the reason for the ineffectiveness of the
measures are mainly the lack of funds and corruption of local officials.
Naturally, the police raids in search of illegal immigrants on the markets and
construction sites not solve this problem. The experts involved in this issue,
see the main reason slipping ongoing migration policy that no system of
regulation of the migration pressure from the outside and its distribution
within the country. Solution of migration problems should be based not only on
the restrictive measures in the framework of the fight against illegal
migration, but also on measures to encourage the legalization of migrants. In
2005, 370 criminal cases brought to administrative responsibility more than 1,
5 mln. People were brought for organizing illegal migration.
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