Экономика/маркетинг и менеджмент

Baigunyssova A.T.

Zhetysu State University named after I.Zhansugurov, Republic of Kazakhstan

Toregozhina M.B.

Zhetysu State University named after I.Zhansugurov, Republic of Kazakhstan

KAZAKHSTAN SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM: A COMPARISON WITH FOREIGN MODELS

Social work is the expression accepted around the world designating manifestation of the humane attitude towards the person. It arose in bible times as charity, a religious debt of the person, as system of humanitarian services to the needing people. Hence, the social welfare is form of social politics of government, directed to certain circle of society from tools of governmental budget and special non-governmental funds. The need for social security has appeared along with emergence of human society. In any society with own economic and political system there are always people who owing to the natural, not depending on them reasons, cannot by own efforts for getting a source of means of the existence. Besides, each person who has lost ability to work temporarily or constantly in connection with frustration of health can join ranks of disabled.

The system of social protection of the population is one of institutes of realization of social and economic policy which purpose consists in ensuring social stability and sustainable economic development of society. The effective mechanism of protection of able-bodied population against social risks is necessary for achievement of this purpose. Social risks are following: the illness, disability, loss of the supporter, traumatism, unemployment, migration, loss of housing, an old age, poverty and to them can be subject any person during the life.

Social protection of the population is understood as set of legislatively established economic, social, legal guarantees and the rights, social institutes and institutions providing their realization and creating conditions for maintenance of life of various social groups and groups of the population. The message of Nursultan Nazarbayev Social modernization: 20 steps to general work gave aggressive start to modernization process, but at practice our system has issues which need to solve and examine in the future.

In world practice allocate two types of social protection of the population – active and passive social protection. The active social protection is focused on able-bodied members of society and assumes creation of conditions for self-defense of people, first of all, through active actions in labor market and through their participation in social insurance. Passive social protection is aimed at disabled and socially vulnerable segments of the population and consists, first of all, in direct material support.

At the book of Kornushina R.V., Experience of The International Organization said that international organizations refer social insurance and the social help to social protection [1, p. 26].

In conventions of the international organizations the basic principles of social protection of the population are formulated, the minimum level of different types of social protection and category of the population on which they have to extend is regulated [2, art.4].

The system of social protection of the population and professional social work are closely connected and interdependent. As a professional kind of activity social work assumes existence of necessary legislative and regulatory base, the developed infrastructure, the prepared shots, everything that social protection as social institute can represent. The system of social protection, first of all, at the microlevel is peculiar «organizational legal framework» for social work. In turn, by social work functions of social protection are realized. Arrival to social work of the trained staff increases efficiency of measures for social protection [1, p. 27].

In Kazakhstan, social work arose in the fifties, the XX century. In instance, the Kazakh engineer Kanysh Satpayev (1889-1964), for the first time resolving issues of labor productivity of miners, entered the motivating programs of activity of people to work, relationship of workers with the management, and also trade-union works [2, p. 9]. In the mid-sixties the party leadership of Kazakhstan took some measures for improvement of social work in the country. New reforms on increase of the monetary income of the population were entered, rates and salaries were for the first time established, pension payments increased. Programs for providing the population at the expense of public funds of consumption became better to function, thanks to it were given grants, free training was entered, funds are also allocated for health care, for receiving cultural and consumer services. The housing problem was and one of burning issues of the social sphere. The state realized programs for creation of a housing complex as a result of which, some thousands of people received apartments. The insufficient number of houses and the population was dissatisfied with implementation of housing programs.

Social work was not ideal, there was a set dissatisfied. For example, in rural areas it was observed shortage of cultural, educational and medical institutions, deficiency of the food increased.

In the 90th years of the XX century social policy of Kazakhstan significantly changed. It was headed for improvement of the state personnel policy [2, p. 10]. In the Message of the President of the country to the people of Kazakhstan it was noted that «the state creates new workplaces, conditions for self-realization of the working person, cares of growth of the income of the population». State has to think of the benefit of society to which it serves. As we see, in practice in the country there are numerous problems in the social sphere. There are problems in health care, education, in providing to the population of housing, the social help to pensioners, disabled people, needy, etc.

In performance of Nursultan Nazarbayev «Social modernization of Kazakhstan: twenty steps to Society of General work». He told: «We live in the modern world, with all pluses and minuses where it is necessary to consider with everyone. All this demands from the state of the verified social policy. And I should hold social problems on control, constantly to them to come back. In focus of our attention, it is care of each Kazakhstan citizen. And it is necessary because life and everyday health of all citizens of our country depends on the solution of social problems» [3, p. 1]. Also he noted the reasons of risk of modernization process and a task, the principles of its stimulation.

We see that social management of Kazakhstan is important and actual for researching and enhancing, improving system of welfare.

Social security of the population in the conditions of the market relations demands separate consideration of each institute. It is social support on the level of the income, degree of working capacity, employment and security in society, to allocation of grants. In the country has unemployment dough, especially among youth. Some segments of the population need special social programs for disability, unemployment, temporary disability and go on. Social management of the state, first of all, has to be directed on increase of a standard of living of the population by consecutive social reforms, namely: creation of conditions for realization of labor potential, timely payment of a salary, pensions, grants and address social help to needy citizens.

Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 21.06. 1991 «On social protection of disabled people in the Republic of Kazakhstan», said that in Kazakhstan and the social protection of the disabled, by creating the necessary conditions for their personal development, implementation, creative and production capabilities and abilities of persons with disabilities through the registration requirements of relevant government programs of social assistance health, labor, education and training, housing and other socio - economic rights. Workers who become disabled due to an occupational injury or disease are provided medical and social - labor help. In case of failure to fulfill these duties the employer is liable in court. For the disabled is also retained the right to employment in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the housing legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides benefits to disabled and their families to acquire housing [4, p. 3].

At the same time, it should be noted that there are still major problems in the transparency of the queue for housing, a lot of paper work and has to be a place of bureaucracy, there is no official sites of the relevant documents, etc.

If we compare Kazakhstan social insurance system and foreign, we found out that almost all Western European countries use the social insurance in case of social risk and providing social assistance to people below the poverty line.

Draws special attention of domestic researchers, so-called, Scandinavian model of social protection of the population (Sweden, Norway, Finland). Social security as institute of social protection is used in these countries in bigger volume, than in other European states.

In the Scandinavian countries the state model of the organization of social protection of the population prevails. As a rule, the concept «social protection» of these countries is transformed to concept of «social welfare». This model includes obligatory social policy, the level of the income regulated by the state, and also leveling, general character of social privileges and grants. Despite similar lines, the Scandinavian countries differ on character and organizational forms of realization of social policy a little. We will consider model of social security of Sweden.

Social security is a basic element of the Swedish system of social protection. State insurance control under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs and is responsible for the general insurance system.

In Sweden a retirement age – identical to men and women – 65 years. In comparison with our retirement system, we have difference, in instance, we haven’t identical age for retirement age, for men is 63 year and for women is 58 year. However, Sweden law of 1976 on partial pensions gives the chance to reduce working hours and to receive compensation for the lost income. But, under a condition: the recipient has to work not less than 17 hours per week. National and additional pensions include three forms: on an old age, on disability, family, paid in connection with death of the supporter. One person can receive at once some pensions [1, p. 35]. The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan involved in pension system needs to bear responsibility for the level of the income after retirement as the accumulation created by them on individual retirement accounts will become a source of pension payments. Opportunity at the expense of voluntary pension contributions to increase the accumulation and by that to ensure higher income after end of work is offered to each citizen [5].

We see social management of Kazakhstan is important and actual for researching and enhancing, improving system of welfare. It is necessary to enhance, to make modernization system, to bring or use foreign models in some social sphere. Thus, our pension system would like install Scandinavian module and we would like to believe that new reforms will bring progressive, positive things in Kazakhstan pension welfare and not only it.

REFERENCES:

1. Kornushina RV, (2004) International Experience in social welfare, « Dal'nevostochnyj university». (in Russian)

2. Convention international labor 102 about minimal norms of social welfare (Geneva, 4 june 1952, article 4.)

3. Akhmetov CG, Sagindikov YN, Baizhomartov US, Zhunusov BА (2005) The basis of management. Аktobe,Uralsk, Pub. «А- Poligrafija». (in Russian)

4. Reference of President Nazarbayev NA 10.07.2012 «Social modernization of Kazakhstan: 20 steps to society to the general work»

5. Law of Republic of Kazakhstan from 21.06. 1991 «about social protection of disabled people of RK»