Политология /10. Регионвальные
политические процессы
Jakubayeva
Saltanat Toleuovna, PhD student
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, The Republic of Kazakhstan, 050040,
Almaty city, Al-Farabi Ave., 71
The project "One belt-one way" and Kazakhstan
China Initiative
"Economic belt of the Silk Road," are largely consonant with
Kazakhstan's development program "Nurly Zhol", announced by the Head
of our state in 2014. In matters of implementation of the "Economic belt
of the Silk Road" Kazakhstan shares China's commitment to the development
of Eurasian transport corridors, which fully complies with the imperatives of
the economic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The actions of our countries
coincide in the fact that we are building a motorway Western Europe - Western
China, paving the pipelines and railways. Now the Kazakh-Chinese relations are
on the rise, reaching the highest level in its history of development. Strategy
"Kazakhstan - 2050" and the program "Chinese dream" and are
similar in terms of objectives and implementation.
Kazakhstan, along with
other Central Asian states, China is an important geopolitical and geo-economic
region in the immediate vicinity of the pulses of its global impact,
dissemination and promotion of culture, language, spiritual values, attitudes,
technology, and other things. At this stage, our land, with China having a
common land border, related by ethnic composition, in common with the most
ancient history in the first place is important for China's geostrategic.
Today, China is the largest
economy and the second largest consumer of oil and gas in the world. According
to the forecast of the Chinese state oil company CNPC, oil consumption in China
this year will increase by 3% to 10.68 million. Barrels per day. The import of
oil in the country is expected to increase by 5.4% to 6.49 million. Barrels per
day. Gas consumption in China will grow by 9.3% to 200 billion cubic meters,
while imports, including liquefied natural gas-on 10,2%, to 65 billion cubic
meters. One of the main problems of the further development of China is a
growing demand for energy, in this connection, China is engaged in is not just
buying the country's oil-rich hydrocarbons (for example, in the Middle East),
and trying to establish control over resources, ie buys worldwide oil deposit
(Australia, Canada, Indonesia, and others.), and needless to say, the rapid
build-up of China's oil assets in Kazakhstan is observed [1].
In the oil and gas
sector of Kazakhstan today operates more than 30 companies with Chinese
participation, of which 12 are wholly owned by Chinese investors [2]. The
participation of Chinese investors in the oil industry of the country is
expanding through the acquisition of the assets sold by western companies, and
China is willing to continue lending in this sphere. According to various
estimates, it controls between 20 and 40% of the oil sector of the country [3].
Currently, Kazakhstan is able to supply to China through the pipeline
Atasu-Alashankou up to 20 million tons of oil per year. In addition, our
country as a reliable transit country can annually pass through their territory
to China to 55 billion cubic meters of Central Asian gas.
Kazakhstan, as a country
rich in hydrocarbons, mineral resources of interest to China as a source of raw
materials, but at the same time, it is a market for its finished products,
plays the role of a bridge linking China to Europe and the Middle East. In this
regard, it is clear that China will increase its economic policy activity in
Kazakhstan, as well as throughout the Central African Republic, as the main
instrument of comprehensive influence, taking all sorts of free economic
niches.
In recent years, with the
deepening of the international economic relations on the Eurasian continent and
the growth of cargo traffic between East Asia and Europe becomes more urgent
revival of the transport corridor "Great Silk Road". Currently,
Kazakhstan is actively working to create an integrated Eurasian
transcontinental bridge, implemented about 200 projects related to the
modernization of the transport infrastructure, it is planned the construction
of terminals, launching container block-trains in the direction of China -
Europe - China. Creating multiple routes between Europe and Asia is in the
interests of all countries of the Eurasian continent. This approach is a key
priority of Kazakhstan, as through the territory of our country are almost all
transport corridors linking Europe and Asia. Now across the country are five
international transport corridors. Built 1,700 km of new railway lines, 19,000
km of road reconstruction 9 airports. In general, it is expected that by 2020
the transit through Kazakhstan will increase two-fold [4].
The revival of the Great Silk
Road, it is - a landmark project that China attaches great importance. The
revival of the Great Silk Road to China will give a lot of advantages and
significantly strengthen its geopolitical position - perhaps more than other
countries, through which runs the Silk Road. According to Chinese experts, the
Silk Road project rests on five pillars: policy, transport logistics, trade,
investment, as well as communication and friendship between the people.
With its economic and
financial power, the possibilities of investment and trade, China will only
expand its presence in Kazakhstan (as in all of Central Asia), and "will
behave more actively, primarily in economic terms," as Vice-Chairman
Shanghai Center for international studies at the Shanghai Academy of social
Sciences, director of the Center for the SCO Shanghai prof. Pan Guang [5].
An important role is played by
the project in the bilateral Kazakh-Chinese economic cooperation, the western
direction belt will pass through Kazakhstan. During his visit to China in 2016
the President of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev said: "...... Now there is
crisis in the world. We narrowed all the funding possibilities of the world's
financial institutions. China is a big outlet for us and a great help in this
difficult time of crisis. A large steel plant in Kostanay region, the plant for
the production of oil and gas equipment in the Mangistau region, a whole new
brand of cars in Kazakhstan Kostanay. In Southern Kazakhstan - chemistry. We
did not, we imported, we are building a plant of chemical fertilizers. Big
plant for nitrogen fertilizers, all of them, as you can see, are in
machine-building character, "[6].
At the official meeting in
Astana with the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev in
2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping has initiated a strategic project to create
"economic belt of the Silk Road." He stressed in his speech that,
"Kazakh land, through which the routes of the ancient Silk Road, has made
a significant contribution to the integration of Eastern and Western
civilizations have contributed to the development of relations with different
people and cultures." "Today there was a need to apply new models of
cooperation, joint efforts to form an" economic zone "of the Silk
Road, starting from specific areas." The aim of this ambitious project -
to stimulate economic growth in the countries along this belt and the creation
of a new format of political and economic cooperation among States from East
Asia to Western Europe on the principles of mutual respect, trust and
interdependence. Chairman Xi Jinping also pointed out areas of cooperation, it
is - a continuous exchange of views on various issues of economic development
strategy for the development of measures and economic integration programs;
construction of an integrated transport infrastructure from the Pacific Ocean
to the Baltic Sea; strengthening of trade relations with the elimination of
barriers and increase the speed of delivery; strengthening of the national
currency flows; strengthening the ties between the people [5].
The downturn in the Chinese
economy 2015-2016 years. gave reason to the experts and the media to predict
the reduction in the volume of Sino-Kazakh economic cooperation. However,
despite the pessimistic forecasts, Beijing is taking on new commitments. This
clearly showed the visit, which was held by N.A. Nazarbayev to China and the
signing of new agreements. During the talks, the leaders signed a series of
contracts valued at $ 23 billion. China will invest $ 600 million in projects
of "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy". The country is in a period of five years
will invest in the development of the logistics sector and the industrial area
in the special economic zone "Khorgos - Eastern Gate" [6]. Kazakhstan, for its part
adopted a policy to strengthen economic and trade cooperation with China, which
is one of the largest economies in the world, on a range of areas.
Kazakhstan supports China's
initiative to create an economic zone of the Silk Road, aimed at closer
cooperation in such fields as economy, trade, transport, investment, finance
and culture. The Chinese side there are three main routes, two of which are
complementary to the Kazakhstan infrastructure program "Nurly Zhol":
from China through Central Asia, Russia to Europe / the Baltic Sea to / from
China through Central Asia, West Asia to the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean
Sea. To date, the list of investment projects between Kazakhstan and China
includes 51 projects totaling more than $ 26.2 billion in the chemical
industry, mining and metallurgical sector, machine-building, infrastructure,
energy, agriculture, light industry, oil refining, production of building
materials and information technology. Of these, two projects have already been
launched - modernization of installation of powdered polypropylene production
and the production of cars.
Conclusion
China remains committed to its
basic foreign policy principle of equality and mutual benefit. It needs a
stable Central Asia and Iran open to continue the reforms and development
policies. Iran and Central Asia to Beijing - energy security and acquisition of
new markets for goods and investment. It strives to maintain relationships with
existing regimes in Central Asia, speaking of stability, after the departure of
I.Karimov in Uzbekistan and the forthcoming elections in Kyrgyzstan, for the
resolution of conflicts in the region through negotiations and cooperation.
This policy pays dividends to China that confirm its relations with Central
Asian countries. Thus, China is strengthening relations with Iran and
Kazakhstan strives to avoid actions that would put him in a position of
confrontation with the United States and Russia in the region.
It is obvious that the
international influence of China will grow more and more, and its presence in
Kazakhstan to deepen and expand more and more intense. At the same time, for
large-scale modernization of Kazakhstan's economy requires huge investments and
serious scientific approach in all spheres of activity.
Kazakhstan needs to improve
relations with China in non-raw material sectors of the economy, in the
processing sector of the chemical industry, machine building, agriculture,
tourism. It would be useful to enhance cooperation between the regions. We
would be interested in cooperation in the sphere of ecology, water protection
projects, etc.
It is safe to say that the
provision of a truly civilized world order of the XXI century, based on the
will of the majority of the world community, its real and potential centers of
influence will depend, among other things, the success of developing a trusting
partnership strategic nature between Kazakhstan and China, stable Kazakhstan
-Chinese relations on the basis of a common understanding of the new, emerging
architecture of international relations today, aimed at building a fair,
equitable and non-violent world.
Thus,the
geographical location of Kazakhstan in the neighborhood of such political and
economic giant like China, making China a priority vector of Kazakhstan's
foreign policy.
Summarizing all the above, we
can safely say that Iran, Kazakhstan and China have new opportunities of
scientific and technological cooperation, the implementation of the strategic
vision and the creation of resource and market the bridge of the Economic Belt
of the Silk Road. In the context of falling oil prices and other negative
factors, only cooperation will help our countries to pass the current
transitional period. Only close cooperation of the two countries will help
counter the economic problems.
Literature:
1. Li Xing, Hayk Martirosyan, Zhao Zhen. The significance
of the central part of the Eurasian energy security of China // Problems of the
Far East. - 2010. - №2. - p.33-41.
2. Syroezhkin KL Does Kazakhstan need to be afraid of
China: myths and phobias bilateral relations - Astana-Almaty: IWEP at the Foundation
of the First President, 2014 - p.32 Syroezhkin 432 KL Kazakhstan-China border
trade from a strategic partnership. - In three books. Book 1. In the beginning
- Almaty: KISR under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2010. - 336
p.
3. Luzianin S., E. Safronova, Chufrin GI Russia in
Central Asia // Problems of the Far East. - 2011. - №3. - p.164-166
4. Kazakhstan pravda.23 May 2014.
5.专访上合组织研究中心主任潘光。2006年06月13日。 http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-06/13/content_4691643.htm
6. Nazarbayev's visit to China - the first results
http://www.ktk.kz/ru/news/video/2015/09/01/62522