Author: Karimgozhina
Elmira
Mendel University, Brno
Key aspects of the
social partnership and its new features.
The complex issues of social partnership submits
interest for a wide range of researchers - philosophers, sociologists,
economists, political scientists, lawyers are finding new ways of this problem.
Recently, the ideas of social partnership are interested corporate executives,
representatives of government, who decide the practical issues of
socio-economic development of governance. It can be argued that the surge of
interest in social partnership in recent years due to several factors that are
both epistemological and sociological nature.
The most important factor is the comparative
epistemological novelty of this phenomenon, both for the national social
science of science, and social practices. It is known that during the Soviet
period, the category of social partnership was not subject to scientific
analysis, because it contradicts the basic postulates of the theory of the
class, was at odds with the official ideological doctrine. Social partnership
in the sphere of work was denied, and is characterized as a phenomenon inherent
in a capitalist type of public, above all, social and labor relations.
The main sociological factors that lead to an
increasingly growing interest in the social partnership and its mechanisms,
laws and principles of operation, should be attributed, primarily, those
arising from the transformation objective phenomena, which are becoming a
reality of modern society. It is about increasing degree of self-organization
of local communities, the emergence and development of so-called. the third
sector - non-profit organizations using the technology of social partnership in
the practice of interaction with government, business sector, etc., as well as
reaching out to the tools of social partnership bodies themselves, seeking to
enlist the support of the population.
Social partnership, stepping beyond the sphere of
labor, surely fits into the relations between various social actors, groups and
communities. Increasingly, social partnership serves as a tool for strategic
planning, comprehensive development of territorial communities, playing an
important and sometimes decisive role in management decisions. The idea of
social partnership has received the support and evolvement of the Strategy of
industrial-innovative development until 2015.
However, in recent years, we can speak of social
partnership and in a broader context. Social partnership plays an important
role in ensuring political stability, the formation of new civilized human
relations, identifies trends in the global social development.
All this means the need for deeper analysis, serious
thinking about the phenomenon of social partnership on the basis of an
interdisciplinary approach, using the categorical apparatus and methodology of
research adopted in the various disciplines of applied economics and sociology
to philosophy and politics. In this paper we attempt to examine the basic
concepts of social partnership, to reveal its integrative nature, identify key
essential characteristics.
Analysis of social partnership, its attributes, mechanisms,
principles, properties, we start with the basic ordering of interpretations of
this category found in the literature and the various regulatory documents.
The study scientific accumulated backlog in the
analyzed domain shows a significant variety of interpretations of social
partnership, due to both differences in disciplinary approaches, from the
position which it considered, and the depth of scientific analysis of the
phenomenon. It is possible to identify the scope and variety of social partnership,
and its essential characteristics. This suggests that considered the phenomenon
has a complex nature; it is a versatile, poly - subjective, which manifests
themselves in different spheres of social life.
First of all, we should note that in the scientific
literature and regulatory documents used not one but usually several reasons
for the interpretation of social partnership. Thus, the Labor Code of the
Republic of Kazakhstan [3] defines social partnership as a "system of
relationships between employees (employee representatives), employers
(representatives of employers), public authorities, local authorities, aimed at
ensuring the coordination of interests of workers and employers on labor
relations and other directly connected to them. "As a document regulating
relations between individuals primarily in the social and labor, the labor code
limits the number of media interest, which is the subject of harmonization of
social partnership, workers and employers. The authorities are in it only as an
intermediary between the two main subjects of interest.
Thus, the analysis of object and subject fields of
social partnership, as reflected in regional regulations, shows that in reality
the number of subjects such partnerships as vehicles of relatively independent
interests is wider than just the workers and employers. The list of objects of
social partnership, outlined in these regulations, includes the interests of
different social classes, the subjects of management, and economic management.
Similar conclusions can be made in the analysis of
scientific publications devoted to the problems of social partnership. Thus,
social partnership is characterized as "a civilized form of public
relations in social and labor sphere, providing the coordination and protection
of the interests of workers, employers (employers), public authorities, local
self-government through treaties, agreements and aspirations of reaching a
consensus, compromise on key areas of social economic and political development
"[6].
In this definition it is necessary to pay attention
primarily to the fact that public authorities and local self-government for the
first time explicitly identified not only as an intermediary between workers
and employers, but also as independent subjects of interest in the interaction.
In this case, V.A. Mikheev defines public authorities and local self-government
as carriers of special interests, other than the interests of workers and
employers, and at the same time. Second, what is interesting in this
definition, it is a significant expansion of the object field of this
phenomenon. V.A. Mikheev classifies the full range of socio-economic and
political development of society to the subject of social partnership, thus
spreading the effects of this phenomenon is also well beyond the mere scope of
employment.
In recent years, quite common in our country has the
concept of "cross-sectoral social partnership" [7]. This concept sees
as the three main subjects of the partnership sector of society - government,
business and nonprofit organizations, as well as the subject of partnership -
the whole range of social problems. "Inter-sectoral social partnership - a
constructive cooperation organizations of the two or three sectors (government,
business, non-profit sector) in addressing social problems, providing a
synergistic effect of the" addition "of different resources and"
advantageous "for each of the parties and the population" [8] .
As you can see, even a cursory review of the
definitions of social partnership shows that the authors, first, consider this
category in relation to different spheres of life of society, and secondly,
identify different aspects of the most meaningful categories. This circumstance
makes it necessary to release not one but several initial reasons for ordering
and typology of existing interpretations of social partnership.
The first major study of definitions systematizing
base category is the disciplinary affiliation of each. On this basis can be
identified, conditionally speaking, philosophical, sociological, economic,
political and other interpretations of the social partnership.
The philosophical approach sees social partnership
relations through the prism of social and state in terms of
"progress", "public relations", "solidarity",
"objective needs", etc. An example is the following definition:
social partnership - "a specific type of social relations between social
groups, layers, classes and communities. This is the process of creating a
single socio-cultural space, which is inhabited by different actors who agree,
despite the difference in interest of the general “rules of the game”,
“partnership rules”.
The sociological approach is to analyze, first of all,
the socio-structural components, functional and socio-cultural features of this
phenomenon. One of sociology's definition of social partnership can be
considered as the definition given by V.A. Mikheev, "Social partnership -
is a system of relations of its main actors and institutions at the situation,
conditions, contents and activities of the various socio-professional groups,
communities, layers [6]. The authors of the other works -"Social
Partnership. Notes on the formation of civil society in Russia "-
interpret social partnership as a" social action, based on a sense of human
solidarity and shared responsibility for the problem "[9].
Researchers, which are analyzing the political aspects
of social development, democratization, treated the social partnership as a
political institution, noting the role that it plays in ensuring political stability
in society, implementation and coordination of the political interests of
various social strata of the population. In this context, social partnership is
treated as an institution, which provides "the granting of the rights to
various social groups, sectors, to participate in political and economic
processes of production and decision-making on important issues of social
development" [6]. It is noted that the "social partnership ... are
inextricably linked, mutual functional dependence in its functioning of
political institutions and political processes" [1].
The second bases for the systematization of
interpretations of social partnership are the scope, coverage, coverage of
social partnership. In the scientific literature found in this regard, two opposing
superposition. Proponents of the first approach consider social partnership as
the interaction of the whole society. Conditionally speaking, this is the mode
of existence of society, all its individuals, strata and social groups. Social
partnership, respectively, this is a condition for sustainable development of
society. With this approach, the field of action of this phenomenon is all the
social space. Other authors restrict how the range of subjects of social
partnership, and the time period of this phenomenon, as well as conditions of
its objectification. Most modern writers distinguish in this context, two main
models of social partnership - the so-called trade-unionist and cross-sectoral.
At the same time under the trade union model is a system of
"tri-partisanship system", developed in the social and labor (the
ratio of employers, employees and the state), and cross-sector, which we
discussed above, called the model of interaction between the three sectors of
society: government (state) business and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Most definitely, this position is expressed by V.M.
Yakimtsov, noting that "today the notion of" social partnership
"conceals two overlapping but not identical, but in some cases
contradictory context. One of the problems associated with conflict resolution
in labor relations (trade unionist), and the second - larger - with the
development of cross-sectoral interactions in the social field "[6].
An illustration of the first approach can be
considered as a definition of social partnership, which uses in his thesis
Gainullina FI: "Social partnership - is the ratio between the major social
groups in society in the implementation of certain social order built on the
opportunities and the need to integrate and promote the interests of the
parties by consent and understanding "[1].
An illustration of the first approach can be
considered a definition of social partnership, which is used in thesis of
Gainullina F.I.: "Social partnership - is the ratio between the major social
groups in society in the implementation of certain social order built on the
opportunities and the need to integrate and promote the interests of the
parties by consent and understanding "[1].
Proponents of the second approach, identify the
various limited scope of social partnership, considering it as a special
technology of interaction of social actors in order to implement specific
interests. Different authors identify areas such objectification of social
partnership, as "urban agriculture and land use planning", "the
labor market and employment", "vocational education and
training", "ecology and environment", etc.
The criteria for objectification of social
partnership, most supporters of the second campaign is considered, first, the
institutional character of the parties entering into a partnership, and
secondly, the degree of maturity, self-organization, influence of these
parties. Social partnership in this paradigm is a partnership of social
institutions, organizational structures, rather than abstract social groups and
strata of society. In particular, when it comes to labor issues, we talk about
partnership unions of employers, workers, government institutions, etc.,
cross-sector partnership is seen as the interaction between governments, NGOs,
the business community.
The subject of scientific discourse in the context of
social partnership is an assessment of conditions and prerequisites of
objectification of the phenomenon. Some authors relate the development of
social partnership exclusively with market economies. "Social partnership
- a special type of social-labor relations inherent in a market society, which
provides an optimal balance the interests of the optimum implementation of various
social groups, first of all employees and employers. In other words, the
uprising condition of social partnership is the emergence of private ownership
of means of production, dividing society into employers (owners) and employees.
The third important reason systematic definition of
social partnership is subjective, object and subject characteristics of this
phenomenon. On this basis in the scientific literature there are two basic
positions of researchers.
From the perspective of the first group of authors and
subjects of social partnership are the social peer groups, social strata. In
this postulated two-fold. First, the subjects of social partnership - are not
separate individuals, and groups of people. Second, individuals belonging to
these groups are aware of a number of features of their social identity, which
owe their cohesion within the group and distinguish them from other groups of
individuals. Typically, this social identity reinforced by common interests,
needs or values.
The second approach is that, as a partner is not
considered social groups or strata, and it is the institutions representing the
interests of these groups. Refers to the institutions of government, civil
society, etc. V.A. Mikheev wrote - "Social Partnership” is a form of interaction
between state institutions and civil society”.
To summarize the main systematic interpretations of
the category of social partnership, we can make the following conclusions.
First, the interpretation of the social partnership characterized by considerable
diversity, which is due to a difference of disciplinary approaches, which are
considered from the standpoint of this phenomenon, and the scope of the
phenomenon and, consequently, its subjective and object characteristics. The
essence of the main interpretations of social partnership is reduced to the
representation of it as a system of interaction between different social
actors, ensuring the coordination and implementation of the interests of these
entities.
Second, there are two main principle approaches to the
treatment of social partnership. The first approach, which can be described as
conceptual, social partnership is a relationship between different social
strata and groups throughout society. The second approach, which can be roughly
being called instrumental, examines social partnership as the technology of
interaction between social actors within specific spheres of life: social work,
employment and labor market, social services, etc.
Third, all the researchers state the growing influence
of this phenomenon on various aspects of social life, postulated the importance
of building social partnership in solving practical problems of social
development management, development and implementation of socio-economic
policy.
Having determined, therefore, common approaches to the
definition of social partnership, now we consider briefly the genesis of this
phenomenon, the theoretical stages of the synthesis of the concept of social
partnership. At the same time as a methodological tool we use Weber's ideal-typical
approach that allows abstracting from the historical models of the real state
of social partnership, and will consider only the theoretical expression (basic
constructs) of this phenomenon.
With this approach, the genesis of social partnership
is presented as a sequential change in different socio-philosophical,
socio-economic paradigms, theoretical synthesis of the ideas.
The first stage of the synthesis of ideas of social
partnership refers to the ancient period and is associated with the names of
Plato and Aristotle. The establishment of the Athenian polis marked the first
appearance of structurally organized communities. Plato, guided by this policy,
and displaying a model of an "ideal state", he stressed the key
difference of course the natural state of society, which was dominated by the
cult of power and the struggle of all against all. This difference is the new
social order, which became the ideal harmony of the relations of equal and free
citizens, sharing an open and rational discussion and resolution of problems
[2]. Aristotle even more did the emphasis on the fact that "the whole can
be happy unless all the parts feel as such," and that "the goal of
human society is not to live but to live happily multiplying virtue beauty and
wisdom "[2].
It is these ancient ideas of solidarity of citizens as
equal and free individuals were the first synthesis of ideas of social
partnership. It is based on the idea of "natural
civil society" came to replace the model of "natural state of
nature."
The second stage of the synthesis of ideas of social
partnership has on the XVI-XVII centuries and the first half of XVIII century.
During this period there is a growing syncretism of society and state, the
growth of the internal contradictions of feudalism as a social formation.
Social partnership is the essence of the idea of "social
contract", developed by the thinkers of the era of the French
enlightenment, and then the representatives of German sociology.
One of the first theoretical justifications for social
partnership in the form of the establishment of certain rules of social
coexistence, the so-called the social contract, made materialist philosopher
Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes showed that the nature of people causes them to
constantly striving for power, privilege, life benefits. Therefore, in order to
prevent chaos, or, in modern language, social conflict, it is necessary to
conclude the "social contract", the adoption of rules that people
agree to adhere. The idea of "social
contract" has found its development in the writings of John Locke, Jean
Jacques Rousseau, P. Holbach, D. Diderot, Ch. Montesquieu and other thinkers of
the French enlightenment. So, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the theorist of
"social contract", believed that such an agreement may refer the
relationship between people in the mainstream of general agreement and peace.
In classical German philosophy, the idea of social
partnership defended G. Leibniz, who is also considered that the state of peace
and harmony between people should be achieved on the basis of the contract and
social compromise.
Thus, the second synthesis of the concept of social
partnership was in line with the establishment and development of theoretical
constructs models of the natural law of society.
The third stage of the synthesis of ideas of social
partnership begins at the end of the XVIII century and ends around the
beginning of the XX century. In public practice, this period of increasing
government's role in the regulation of social processes, complicating the structure
of the stratification of society. In theoretical terms, this period marked the
emergence and growing influence of rationalist ideas and concepts, which focus
on are the issues of social interaction.
This stage of the synthesis of ideas of social partnership
is associated with the names of Adam Smith, Kant, Hegel, Comte, and later Karl
Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber. Despite the opposition of theoretical
approaches, and ideological and political paradigms, all of them, each with
their positions, have made a significant contribution to the construction of a
rationalistic model of social partnership. At this stage the problem of
reconciling the interests of social groups are actively developed in the
writings of Robert Owen, A. Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, L. Blanca.
Constructing an ideal society, they argued the need to align the interests of
public relations.
An important contribution to the development of the
concept of social partnership has made Comte and Emile Durkheim. In his study,
"The social division of labor" Durkheim showed how material factors
and ideas can bring together social groups with opposing interests, but in a
state of interdependence in the social division of labor force. Lack of
understanding between the classes, unresolved relationships, including the lack
of a developed professional corporatism, Durkheim considered a deviation from
the norm, and social pathology. The fundamental importance for rationalistic
understanding of the phenomenon of social partnership was the work of Max Weber.
They laid the foundation for the development of one of the key areas of modern
sociology - structural functionalism. Analyzing ideas, social norms and values as
a reflection of economic factors, Weber saw in them a force that can seriously
impact on the economy and on social development in general. In Russia at that
time the idea of social partnership working developed area V. Bervy-Flerovsky, N.H.
Bunge, P.B. Struve, V.P. Litvinov-Falinsky, M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky and others.
In general, the content of the third stage of the
synthesis of the concept of social partnership was this transferred model of
social interaction from the category of ideal structures in the sphere of
social reality. The questions of social partnership are, in fact, one of the
main subjects to develop new philosophical doctrines clash of ideological and
political paradigms of scientific knowledge about the laws of social
development.
The fourth stage of the synthesis of ideas of social
partnership was unfolded from the middle of the XX century. with the advent of
new theories of social development: the "industrial society",
"post-industrial society", "civilization approach",
"postmodernism" and others. Social partnership came to be regarded as
an instrument of civil society, as a new system of civilized social relations
that lead to the formation of the welfare state. This stage of development of
the concept of social partnership is connected with the ideas of Daniel Bell,
A. Touraine, W. Beck, J. Habermas, P. Anderson, A. Seligman, R. Inglehart and
other researchers have proposed various theories of civil society and the
transformation of modern civilization.
Noting the emergence of new theories of modern
societies, in varying degrees based on the ideas of social partnership, it should
be noted that the basis for many of them are the concepts of the theory of
social action, brilliantly developed by T. Parsons. The consensus, balance,
harmony is the most important signs of the normal state of the system in the
Parsons’ theory. It is these categories are the backbone for social partnership
as a way to escort the society from social conflict and shock.
The most important contribution to understand the
nature of social partnership, especially as a communicative phenomenon and
activity, help the concepts of modern social science theorists: Bourdieu,
Giddens, Niklas Luhmann, Jürgen Habermas, etc. The analysis of social
partnership in terms of "communicative rationality" J. Habermas'
“inter-subjective discourse”, E. Giddens, from the standpoint of the theory of
social fields, Bourdieu, the general theory of social systems, N. Luhmann
expands the idea of social partnership as an integrative social phenomenon constituted, to a
certain extent, not only social communication and interaction but the very
societal fabric of society.
Since the late 80s of XX century the concept of social
partnership has been actively developed in our country. First, as a mechanism
to solve labor disputes, and in recent years - more and more as the technology
of cross-sectoral collaboration, the concept has become one of the leading
themes of research and public discourse.
So, we have determined that social partnership is a
complex, poly-subject, socio-cultural phenomenon of social life, due to the
presence, activity and interaction of social actors, which have certain value
orientations, and perform certain social roles. We will provide socio-cultural
analysis of social partnership by using modus approach, examining the
phenomenon from different angles, for which the foundation will provide a
different set of its attribute properties, reflecting a particular qualitative
aspect of this phenomenon.
Relating to the analysis of the integration of social
partnership "structural" and "the activity" approach is to
use an interconnected and interdependent analysis of this phenomenon, both in
terms of its structure in the form of stable, repetitive relationship of social
actors, behaviors, and the terms of the types of social action in within these
relationships.
We believe that the subject-object decomposition of
social partnership as a social action must distinguish the following four
primitive features:
1) the subject of the action (social groups and
individuals);
2) the object of the action and its structural
elements (behaviors and thinking of the social partners: their attitudes,
interests, values, norms);
3) the process of social action as a set of operations
and procedures impact on the social partners;
4) the situational context in which social action
unfolds.
Externally-oriented social action in the social
partnership includes:
- selection of the social partners to implement the
subsequent interaction (analysis of the subjective field of social partnership,
the choice of relevant social actors, etc.);
- identification of the social partners, the basic
social characteristics (the structure of social actors, their normative system
of values, motivation, goal setting, role function, etc.)
- representation of their interests, values,
roles and functions, etc.;
- system integration of situational conditions
(understanding of the process, the conditions and factors affecting the social
partners and the upcoming interaction with them).
Internally-oriented social action in the social
partnership includes:
- self-organization of the social partners (regulation
its own internal ordering of social actors and adapt to changing conditions);
- self-reference (evaluation and critical reflection
of its own interests, value systems, attitudes, willingness to compromise);
- self-identification (evaluation and critical
reflection of its own social status or social roles);
- adaptation (the intended effect of the social
partners on the content and methods of its own activities in order to adapt to
conditions).
The central element of social action is the
interaction between social actors. Interaction implies the existence of such
attributes as status or position, which occupy the participants of interaction
corresponding to these positions of status and role expectations, and the resulting
status and role expectations prescribed by the regulatory patterns of behavior
(role), performed by actors (Resnick, 1998: 311).
From this point of view, the social partnership is
presented as a one-sided or multilateral-oriented subject-subject relationship,
deterministic social status or normative value regulatory. What are the main
properties of the interaction within the social partnership?
First, the interaction in the social partnership is a
consensus-oriented communication, i.e., suggesting the achievement of goals and
the realization of interests of social actors through a convergence of views
and agreement, without any pressure from one of the subjects of the
partnership. This property may also be called "conventionality" of
social partnership. Trying to weaken the property conventionality, one of the
social partners immediately leads to the destruction of the structure of
interaction and transfers it into a phase of confrontation. An example is the
mass protests of pensioners and beneficiaries during the realization period of
the famous law on the "monetization of reduced payment". In fact, we
have witnessed a violation of the power implicit contract,
"convention" with these categories of people to maintain their "status
quo" in the distribution of benefits - despite the fact that for the great
mass of beneficiaries the implementation of the law was ultimately beneficial
economically.
The second most important feature of interaction in
the social partnership is sustainability. By stability we mean the maintenance
and reproduction of social subjects of the same type, which other social
partners recognize patterns of behavior. Stability is provided by the
orientation of the partnership subjects on the shared cultural images (plans,
goals, values, norms), as well as their respective instrumental categories
(tools and procedures to achieve the objectives, terms of implementation plans,
etc.).
An extremely important feature of social partnership
is inter-subjectivity as security procedures of the free exchange of ideas,
representation of their own free legal and value systems, etc.
Inter-subjectivity of social partnership is a projection of the independence
and autonomy of social factors involved in the interaction.
The last property is reflexivity. Reflexivity - the
inalienable and permanent property of the social partnership is manifested due
to the need and ability of social actors to carry out activities in the process
of evaluating the interaction. Assessment to be their own intrinsic characteristics
and features of other social partners, conditions and procedures for
interaction, available options and mechanisms for the purposes of adjusting the
goals of the interaction.
The basis of the attribute structuration of social
interaction in social partnership, we set the conceptual framework of social
and cultural interaction of P. Sorokin released in its three integrated
components: thinking, acting and reacting people; importance,
norms and values by which the interaction is carried out; open action and material
artifacts, by which objectified and socialized intangible importance,
norms and values. Adapting the scheme of P. Sorokin to the conditions of social
partnership, we postulate the following attribute components of the social
partnership as the interaction of social actors:
- the actual social actors, which interact
(individuals, social groups, social and professional groups, etc.);
- inter-subjective communication, projecting a
reflection of cultural patterns, interests and needs of social actors;
- infrastructure of interaction as a set of
conditions, mechanisms and procedures of interaction.
Interaction between the social partners is carried out
as cooperation in several areas: motivation (interests), value (normative value
system), empathic (perceptual images of the social partners), meaning, role and
institutional [9].
Thus, the current practice confirms the theoretical
concepts of social anthropology, considering the culture in two ways: as a
result of the joint activities of people, a set of achievements, contributing
to the development of society, and as a set of models, ways of life of
individuals, social groups, corresponding to the notions of conventional
behavior. That is what we observe in the social partnership. On the one hand,
culture is seen as a product of self-development of the social partners (social
structures), on the other hand, is an instrument of cultural selection of
samples, models, and rejection of unacceptable activities of these partners.
Thus, we can identify the next set of socio-cultural
mechanisms of social partnership:
- individual and group socialization;
- enculturation of the social partners;
- social integration of the social partners;
- socio-cultural regulation.
In such a case of the duality of the culture nature,
mentioned above, we can postulate a simultaneous and well-directed action of
social and cultural mechanisms of social partnership of two vectors.
One vector is directed at the development of a common
culture of social interaction, forging new civic values, access to new quality
of relations between different social actors (externalities effect). The second
vector - is the impact of socio-cultural mechanisms for the social partners
themselves, their dominant values, the transformation of legal systems of social actors,
the development of social structures (internality effect).
Summing up a brief analysis of the social partnership
as a socio-cultural phenomenon, we can formulate the following thesis.
Integrative social partnership as a socio-cultural phenomenon lies in its dual
nature. On the one hand, the social partnership - it is always the product, the
result of cross-cultural exchange and cultural social life. The relationships
of social partnership are determined by the culture of the interacting parties,
subject to it. On the other hand, the social partnership, the process of social
relations between actors is a means of forming, maintaining and developing
culture.
In general, however, seems we are only at the
beginning of a long journey of scientific understanding and practical
development of social partnership as a special integrative phenomenon, the
results of which greatly enrich our theoretical knowledge and practice of
social management [9].
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Аннотация
Статья посвящена анализу социокультурных аспектов
социального партнерства. Рассматриваются этапы теоретического синтеза концепции
социального партнерства как эволюции идей солидарности, согласия,
«общественного договора».
This article analyzes the socio-cultural aspects of
social partnership. It considers the stages of the synthesis of the theoretical
concept of social partnership as the evolution of ideas of solidarity,
compliance, and "social contract".