“Филологические науки”/ 3.Теоретические и
методологические проблемы исследования
языка.
Master of Philological sciences, Madiyeva D.B.
KazUIR&WL, Kazakhstan, Almaty
Metaphor
in forming secondary onomastic nomination
Nomination
in linguistics, particularly in onomastics, is the process of naming, in which
linguistic units that are selected as nominative, correspond referent objects.
In the act of nomination are three components: named object, nominal subject
and language tools necessary for the nomination. At the heart of the education
unit is a sign of the nominative, which forms the internal form of the name and
relevant both to the called object, and for the nominal subject. Depending on
which of the signs of the nominator elected, one and the same object in
different cultures may be named differently.
The
laws of the nomination are expressed in each speech act, where the naming of an
object is, as practice shows, based on the selection of its features. In this
case, along with the primary unit of the nominative, which historically is
assigned to an object can coexist it is a secondary name - the result of the
secondary category, which performs the function add-on called the image of the
object. Secondary, unofficial, name for a later time education, resulting from
the associative nature of human thought, i.e. based associations. This
association can be obtained both on the basis of physical resemblance, and on
the basis of the similarity of properties or functions of the object. The names
of their own, formed in result of the secondary category, are based on a
rethinking of values in the form of tropes, particularly metaphor.
The
study of metaphor is relevant, and now, because it is a phenomenon associated
with man and language, reflects the interdependence of thinking with the
peculiarities of the language implementation. The need for model categorical
descriptions of metaphor as universal, revealing the universal nature of
metaphorical units serving an inexhaustible source of replenishment of the
lexical fund, offers the opportunity to reflect the metaphorical image of the
world of modern cultures.
One of
the approaches to the full linguistic description of the metaphors in the
symbolic language of the theory is, according to the researchers, the theory of
language nomination, associated with certain issues: to clarify how the
relationship between the conceptual form of thinking, how are created and perpetuated,
as well as distribution of items for different fragments of the objective
reality [1:10].
Names
that arise as a result of the metaphorical transfer, is a product of the
language system, based on the operation of the law asymmetric dualism of the linguistic
sign. Metaphorical transfer of concepts is universal synchronic and diachronic
semantics. Therefore, consideration of metaphor as semantic universals is at
the heart of many modern linguistic studies.
The
next step after the establishment of the universality of metaphor as a unit of
indirect metaphorical nomination is to describe the manifestations of the
category of metaphor in a particular language. In this regard, interest in the
consideration of metaphorization in onimic system of different cultures in
order to determine the universality of human thought and ideas of man / ethnic
group validity and uniqueness of thinking as an individual or an entire ethnic
group.
The
basis of the description of non onomastic code on the principle of English
linguist N.F. Barley, which provides internal and external motivation in the
naming process [2:9]. Under extrinsic motivation refers to those external
factors (extralinguistic functions of the referent), which is an incentive to
name creation (physical, intellectual, character, behavioral characteristics of
the individual, external, the activity characteristics of the object, etc.).
Thus, the basis of additional naming nicknames include: 1) the external form,
2) feature, 3) functions and others under the intrinsic motivation N.F. Barley
mentions the phonetic similarity nickname with the official onim.
N.D.
Arutyunova notes that the metaphor is a trope or figure of speech, use of the
word that denotes a class of objects, phenomena or features for the characterization
or the nomination of another, similar to a given class of objects or
individuals [3:296]. "Metaphor is
usually understood as an implicit comparison, as a way of rethinking on the
basis of similarities or analogies in conceptual reflection signs denote
objects in the denotations of words reinterpreted. This distinguishes metaphor
from metonymy, where the foundation lies in the rethinking of the adjacency own
designated facilities. Thus, the result of the secondary category, some signs
of the values inherent in reconceived the language units are transferred to the
denotation of a new name, i.e. nicknames. Reuse of common nouns in the role of
nickname always indirectly and motivated by their structural and semantic
features "[3: 24].
The metaphor is clear cultural and
national identity, while the foreigner is often experienced some difficulties
due to the fact that "the input of a metaphor through a variety of types
of ideal - the emotions, extralinguistic knowledge and everyday experience of native
speakers, sometimes random experiences, observations, utilitarian
evaluation" [4 : 173].
The
metaphor is needed to ensure that the object became available in our thoughts,
and also make it available to others. In connection with the change of the capitals
of two states such as Kazakhstan and Russia, as well as the location of the
town, past the capital received by the people informal names: in Kazakhstan,
the informal name of the former capital Almaty - the Southern capital, and the
name of a modern capital - Northern Capital (Astana) . As it is known, the
capital of Northern Russia is St. Petersburg. The reflection of the influence
of Western or American culture can be traced in the secondary category of
Shymkent as Texas, The second Switzerland - Kazakhstan.
Metaphors
make the image of a fragment of reality to another and its fragments. For
example, in the naming of new construction of Astana city planners often use
the metaphors for naming buildings and house complexes such
as Northern Lights, the Emerald district, Astana’s star and others. They provide its
conceptualization by analogy with the already established system of concepts.
That is why people continue to refine its official name, this time based on
visual thinking. A comparison of architectural forms with known objects and
concepts are born the most incredible informal onim. Thus, the building of the
Ministry of Finance popularly known as the
Dollar was named by people not due to its function, and because it has the
color and shape of dollar sign - $ fountain in the square in front of the
Ministry of Finance is called Chupa
Chups, according to its round form, resembling the lollipop. Luxury Transport Towers building is very
similar to the lighter, so they called him a cigarette lighter, and after the
fire, the upper floors of the "lighters" area in front of the
building was called the "Ashtray".
After the heavy advertising of beer "Seven barrels" in Astana were
put into operation seven round high-rise residential buildings, standing side
by side, which instantly got it the informal name.
In
connection with the foregoing, we believe that the study should be conducted to
inventory informal onim, definition metaphorical onomastic picture of the
world, the identification of universals and unique in a metaphorical
exploration of the world. Informal onim be seen not only in terms of their
structural organization, but through the prism of national characteristics and
historical events that led to their semantic content.
To sum
up, creation of secondary nomination using a metaphor, as a rule, is connected
with the conceptual system of native speakers, their standard notions of the
world, and linguoculture. The effect of the use of metaphorical reference to
appellatives onima is not only to identify the expressive and emotional nuances
of the word through the context of different sizes, but in the update of the
corresponding system in the conventional associations in linguoculture.
Literature:
1. Вардзелашвили Ж.А. Метафора как источник синонимии. Тбилиси, 1999.
2. Morgan J., O’Neill Ch., Harré R. Nicknames. Their Origin and Social Consequences. Routlege
3. Арутюнова Н.Д. Метафора / Н.Д.Арутюнова // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н.Ярцева.- М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1990.- С. 296-297.4. Арутюнова Н.Д. Язык и мир человека. – М., 1998.
5. Tomakhin G.D. Across The United States of America. – M., 19806. Tomakhin G.D. Look at the USA. – M., 1966