Prof. Dr. Zhakipbek Altayev, PhD student Shattyk Aliyev
Al-Farabi Kazak National
University, Kazakstan
Human
being in a managing structure
Management of different types material spiritual
production became an independent profession demanding vocational education,
experience, mentality and even character. There was a special science about
management which relies on researches in such areas as economy, sociology,
psychology, mathematics, etc. The institute of managers - hired specialists in
management of various spheres of activity, including science development was
formed. Important elements of a control system of the most developed countries
are elaboration of tactics of planning, implementation effective methods of the
organization of work, account and control system on the basis of wide using of
computers, informatics, etc.
Society, being a complete organism, develops as the
system which elements are in interaction with each other. From here it is
clear, that management is internally necessary both for society as a whole, and
for each of parts of it, therefore degree of the organization of mechanisms of
management can be considered as one of essential indicators of a level of
development both the society, and each of its spheres.
Philosophical judgment of function of management in
society as the special way of thinking and a thinking function was set in the
Ancient Greek philosophy which end found reflection in Plato and Aristotle's
works. In the Middle Ages, certainly, the highest force which has to operate is
- God, in Renaissance of God the person replaces God, in new time changts the
consciousness of people and outlook as a whole, this is the time of scientific
revolution. Further development of these ideas is presented in works of I.Kant and G.V.F. Gegel. Management
always assumes definiteness of the purpose.
The person, as we know, a social being, he belongs to
a certain public system which makes to it certain demands, puts his affairs and
acts in a certain framework. It means that social life of society is a subject
to management. As for spiritual life, and it is also not out of management
control from society: society demands from the members not only to behave, but
also to think on own similarity.
By showing general nature of management, philosophers,
economists, sociologists, political scientists allocate two types of factors of
the managing director of impact on society or subsystems in its framework:
objective and conscious.
So, in society from the first steps of its existence
there are two types of factors of management - the subjective are objective. It
is characteristic that in process of society progress unconscious factors of
management more and more give way to conscious factors , human, connected with
expedient activity of the people, specific social institutes.
Social management is understood as an impact on
society in whole or its separate links to provide preservation of their
qualitative specifics, their normal functioning, improvement and development,
successful movement to the set purpose. Thus the role of person isn't passive;
it isn't reduced only to show person about performance or not implementation of
decisions from above. The role of object is wider, deeper, versatile. The
object can make the subject to correct or in even to cancel the decision. The
object can make difficult decisions, to leave a framework ordered over norms,
indicators. The object can show an initiative, independence in searches and use
of appropriate ways and implementers of decisions, to offer own alternatives,
etc. “Therefore, - Atamanchuk G. V. writes, - social management represents not
unilateral influence of operating social system on operated, and dialectic
interaction between his subject and object, a condition from diverse straight
lines and feedback between them” [1].
In general it is necessary to tell that the object and
the subject of social management are integrally connected with each other. And
it is first of all the main component and the subject and object of management
is the person integrated together with other people into social groups, the
person active, purposeful, thinking.
Thus, management - indispensable, immanent property of
society at any step of its development. This property has general character and
follows from the systematic nature of society, from social activities, from
need to communicate in the course of activity, to exchange products of the material
and spiritual work. People in order to to resist more successfully to mighty forces of nature, to win from
means of living, from the first steps of the existence had to work together,
unite in groups. But the labor collective is inconceivable without
organization, discipline, division of labor between people, division of places
in collective, and its functions.
Management is, first of all conscious activity of the
person pursuing the aims. And it isn't simple conscious activity, it's special version which is connected with
development of decisions, with the organization directed on realization of
decisions in life, with system of regulation according to the set purpose, with
summing up activity, with systematic receiving, processing and using information.
Only deep analysts mentioned sources of development in
establishment, maintenance and expansion of system of interrelations between
the most various manifestations of activities of people. The administrative
relations as Ch.Makmillan fairly notes, "... are interwoven into fabric of
modern society by means of family, school, corporate affairs (school
university, university company, company supplier, business government, industry
trade, corporation bank, trade association governmental department, etc.).
These communications are made of a various and comprehensive mosaic of the
personal relations, collective work, joint study, which come from the same
social origin. In Japanese culture information, valuable settings, traditions,
skills become the instrument of development and achievement of common goals. In
all society - whether it be the sphere of policy, government or the private
sector - the ruling elite operates economic and public life through elements of
traditional culture, instead of contrary to them” [2].
Management as a human activity exists since there was
a need for joint activity of people. According to the Nobel winner G. Simon
when two people joint efforts to move a stone which is impossible to shift
alone, there appear management rudiments. Simple action gains two fundamental
properties, becoming something, that is called as management. These properties
- the purpose (to move a stone) and compatibility (some people combine the
efforts for performance of a task which is impracticable without such
association). Management in the broadest sense can be defined as activity of
group of the people connecting the efforts for achievement of common goals [3].
Each historical era made own amendments in the relations of subjects of
management, stimulation methods, scales of the organization of the process, but
only in the XX century scientific approaches to management appeared and began
to develop. The twentieth century has many epithets, including "a century
of management" as the progress made in this century, is provided by
successes in management.
Experts in the field of the management theory, such as
S. Bir, P. Veyll, P.Lend, consider that activity of managers represents art as
administrative decisions should be made and carried out in the conditions of
risk, uncertainty, deficiency of time and information. Real economic situations
are unique by the nature, and very often the manager faces such ñircumstances
that are impossible to formalize or even simply to consider, gain paramount
value. Therefore the doctrine about the management of behavior of people and in
the organization can't be consolidated fully to drawing up algorithms of
management and to state in an exhaustive way in handbooks. In work of the head
the essential place is taken by creative and heuristic operations, but these components don't give
in to formalization as mechanisms of intellectual work still aren't studied
[4].
The American philosopher A. Makintaer in the
book "After Virtue" devoted to criticism public science special
chapter which was called "By nature of generalizations in a social science
and absence in them predictive force". In this chapter he venomously
notices: ... From time to time it is proclaimed that at last the true law
operating human behavior is open. However, all these estimated laws have only
one shortcoming - they are so obviously false that anybody, except social
scientists over whom the traditional philosophy of science prevails, doesn't
trust them" [5, 122]. Nevertheless, considering a predictability and unpredictability
problem in social life, Makintayr writes that "many central features of
human life are brought out of concrete and special ways of a mutually
interlacing of predictability and unpredictability. Degree of a prediction
which our social life possesses, allows us to plan long-term projects; and
ability of planning of long-term projects is a necessary condition of judgment
of life" [5, 142].
For social philosophy one of the main is the
management problem as it mentions all
focal points of the social theory. Besides, any branch of knowledge, having
reached a certain maturity, demands philosophical judgment of own bases.
Specialized sciences are not capable of giving an assessment to those values
which are assumed by their activity, - therefore the philosophical analysis is
necessary.
Speaking about the management theory, it should be
noted that sciences have essential impact on its current state about behavior
of the person - psychology, sociology, social psychology and anthropology. All
these sciences can't consider action of people out of a cultural context. The
culture updates the values inherited from the past and norms taking into
account appearing in the society of changes, broadcasts from living to
generations, arm people with certain stereotypes of behavior. This social
memory underlies in the base of values, views and the standards of behavior
which are showing in activity of people.
“The philosophy can be considered as the bases of
other culture for the reason that the culture is a set of claims on knowledge,
and the philosophy pronounces a sentence in their occasion, - writes R. Rorty.
It can do it because comprehends the bases of knowledge and finds these bases
at research of the person - learning, "mental processes" or
"activity of representation" which makes it possible to know. To
learn - means to precisely represent
that is out of mind: therefore comprehension of possibility of the nature and
knowledge means understanding of a way of designing by mind of such
representations. The central problem of philosophy are the general theories of
representations, the theory dividing culture into those areas which represent
reality better, others - are worse, and also such which at all don't represent
it (contrary to claims for it)" [6]. According to R. Rortie's this
position the understanding of a phenomenon of management is impossible out of
philosophy.
As A. Makintayr determine, "this century, in its
own representation, is generally Weber's" [5, 157]. It means that in
methodology of an explanation of social processes of the XX century M. Weber's
approach is prevailing. The concept of formation of capitalism from spirit of
Protestant ethics hasn't equal ones. More than half a century it acts as
leading explanatory model of formation of the western capitalism and its
differences from other types of capitalism. M. Weber created the rational
theory of construction complete, logically and telelogically the coordinated
and ordered picture of the world underlying in the base of activity of people
and a society organization, - the theory, which contains the description of the
mechanism of individual motivation and a self-justification of enterpreneurship
activity in a context of protestant ethics. In conclusion, it would be
desirable to note that in the last decades active process of formation of
management science is seen - the new direction and a subject of scientific
knowledge is observed. In many countries that fact is more and more realized
that all available areas of theoretical thought is weak, unsatisfactorily
provide the solution of the problems which have been objectively put to
mankind. And the similar conclusion concerns not only the social sciences which
number of "theories" practically wasn't confirmed, but also natural,
exact and technical science.
Literature:
1.
G. V. Atamanchuk. To a question of
interrelation of subjects and objects of social management.//"Philosophy
questions", 1974, No. 7, page 30.
2.
Ch. Macmillan Japanese industrial
system / Translated from English M.: Progress, 1998.- page 398
3.
Simon G., Smitburg, Thompson V.
Management in organizations / translated from English M: Economy, 1995. Page
21.
4.
Fatkin L. Morozov K. Teambuilding in
the organization as a factor of efficiency of joint activity//Problems of the
theory and practice of management. 2001 . No. 1. Pages 106-111
5.
Makintayr A. After virtue:
Researches of the theory of morals. - M: Academ. Project; Yekaterinburg.
Business book, 2000.-324 page.
6.
R. Rorti's philosophical pragmatism
and Russian context. - M: Science, 1997.-288 pages