Сельское хозяйство / 5.Растениеводство, селекция и семеноводство

УДК 633:63:631.81

Candidate of agricultural sciences Ionitsoy Y.S.

Institute of bioenergetics cultures and sugar beets NAAS of Ukraine

Role of moisture in the life of sugar beet hybrids

of different origin

Sugar beets use moisture economically and is relatively drought resistant crop. Per unit of dry matter, they consume 350–450 units of water, but of insufficient moisture, their productivity plummets. This is particularly evident during the intensive growth of roots when the plant uses water 50–55% of the total expenses for the entire growing season [3]. It is known that the growth of root and tops weight depends on plants nitrition, but its greatest effect id observed in the years with better moisture conditions [2]. Thus there is a close correlation between the amount of rainfall during the growing season, degree of absorption of nutrients from fertilizer and yield of sugar beet [5, 7]. To ensure the crop plant with moisture – one of the necessary conditions for its successful growth and development; the research of different modes of moisture on agro biological indexes of sugar beet hybrids of different origin is actual.

Researches were conducted on breeding plot of diagnostics and feeding optimization laboratory of Institute of bioenergetics cultures and sugar beets NAAS of Ukraine in 2001–2003 years. The vessel of Vagner was used with the volume 14,5 kg of air-dried soil for the vessel, which was filled by typical alkaline black soil . In the soil of each vessel 3,0 g of active ingredient NPK was added. Soil humidity was kept at the level 45, 60 and 75% of the full field moisture capacity (FFM), by watering the soil in vessels by weight. Repetition of the experiment is 7 times. Harvesting and accounting – in hands separately from each vessel. Agrochemical researches of plant samples were held in diagnostics and feeding optimization laboratory of Institute of bioenergetics cultures and sugar beets NAAS of Ukraine with methodical instructions of VNIC “Modern methods of chemical analysis of soils and plants” [4].

Important role in the life of plants belonging assimilation surface area, because the higher the layer unit is the faster accumulation of organic matter by plants that increases the yield per unit area [1, 6].

From the results of research seen that at the beginning of the growing season, in June, the best growth leaf surface in all hybrids occurred in the form of 60% FFM, where leaders were hybrids Extra (1087 cm²) and Robert (1117 cm²). Leaf surface area per plant in other hybrids was within 914–994 cm². For level of moisture 45% leaf area per plant on average in hybrids was 687,2 cm², which is 31,9% less than the maximum accumulated in June. Leaf area of hybrids of different origin in vessels with 75% FFM was within 866–959 cm².

By mid-July was experienced intense growth of leaf surface for all hybrids and it increased compared to the previous accounting in 3,3–4,1 times in all ways of moisture provision. The maximum leaf area formed by PPV 75% to 3302–3789 cm² except hybrid Extra, which formed the largest area of leaf surface by moisture capacity 60% – 3564 cm². In mid-August hybrids created the largest leaf surface during the growing season for all modes of moisture capacity. During August accounting the best growth of leaves surface occurred in the form of 75% FFM in all hybrids and averaged 4111 cm², which is 7,7% higher than the version with 60% FFM (fig.1).

Fig. 1. Effect of soil moisture on chlorophyll a+b in leaves of different sugar beet hybrids in July

Energy is the basis for photosynthesis PAR absorption chloroplast green pigment - chlorophyll, which is concentrated in chloroplasts of leaf cells.

Research has established that during the growing season in all hybrids of sugar beet largest concentration of chlorophyll was observed for the period mid-July, and the maximum rate it was in the form of saturated soil moisture at 75% and ranged between 2,20% dry matter in hybrid Uladivskyy monos.35 to 2,51 in hybrid KW Zbruch (fig. 1).

In an average saturation of soil moisture (60% FFM) in July chlorophyll content in leaves was at 2,15–2,42% on a dry basis. The greatest of its contents revealed in hybrid KW Zbruch (2,42%), somewhat smaller proportion of chlorophyll in dry matter contained hybrids Extra (2,32%) and Robert (2,31%) and minimal formed Ukrainian ChS 70 (2,17%) and Uladivskyy monosead 35 (2,15%).

By mid-June, August and September chlorophyll content conceded to July indexes, in all instances, and in July was 1,60–1,91% of dry matter in vessels with 45% FFM, 1,60–2,00% – 60% FFM and 1,97–2,27% – 75% FFM. In August, with decreasing intensity photoactive radiation, chlorophyll content in leaves of sugar beet hybrids decreased by 11,2% in the form of 75% FFM, and 15,5% – in the form of 60% compared to the previous FFM account. In August, the leader in chlorophyll content was hybrid Extra (1,63%) for capillary moisture saturation of 60% FFM.

According to the research content of carbohydrates in leaves of sugar beet hybrids depend on the amount of water in the soil and dynamically varied in different phases of culture. For a period of 20–22 leaves forming hybrids content monosaccharides was the maximum for the entire growing season at all backgrounds of moisture provision (0,6–0,9% of dry matter). In this case the vessel with 75% moisture saturation capillaries their accumulation was most intense in the experiment of 0,79% in hybrid Robert to 1,04% in hybrid Extra (tabl. 1).

Indicators accumulation disaccharides were highest for the most part during the formation of culture leaves 20–22 (0,9–1,3% dry matter), excluding hybrids Uladivskyy monos. 35, Ukrainian CS 70 and Extra that are most disaccharides accumulated in phase 30–32 leaves on a background of 45% FFM, and Robert and KW Zbruch maximum disaccharides have had a phase of 30–32 leaves in the form of 60% FFM. The water increase in soil till 75% FFM positive effect on the formation of mono- and dytsukriv content which grew by 29%, 50% and 22%, compared with 44% FFM 45% and 60% respectively.

Table 1

The content of carbohydrates in the leaves hybrids depending on the phase of soil moisture capacity in the phase 20–22% of leaves per dry matter

Hybrids	Full field moisture
	45 %		60 %		75 %
	mono-saccharides	disac-charides	mono-saccharides	disac-charides	mono-saccharides	disac-charides
Uladivskiy monos. 35	0,64	1,02	0,71	1,24	1,00	1,35
Ukrainian ChS 70	0,57	0,94	0,66	1,12	0,84	1,29
Extra	0,65	0,85	0,69	1,06	1,04	1,44
Roberta	0,53	0,84	0,57	1,00	0,79	1,17
KW Zbruch	0,62	1,00	0,84	1,24	0,89	1,23

The analysis results confirm significant effect of plant moisture capacity culture on its performance. Thus, the highest rates of sugar yield all the hybrids provided by the maximum field moisture capacity of soil 75% – from 166 g/vessel the hybrid Ukrainian ChS 70 to 213 g/vessel for KW Zbruch. On the reduction of water in the soil to 60% FFM hybrids Roberta, Uladivskyy monos. 35 and Ukrainian ChS 70 decrease sugar yield for 15–17 g/vessel, Extra hybrid was more tolerant to moisture reduction and reduced sugar yield for 8,0 g/vessel and KW Zbruch showed intelligibility to provide moisture, reducing sugar yield up to 30 g/vessel compared to the maximum (fig. 2).

The most hardy to water reduction in the soil were hybrids of sugar beet Extra, Robert and KW Zbruch that ensure maximum sugar yield (155, 152 and 147 g/vessel respectively) with minimum water saturation of soil capillary (45%).

Fig. 2. Sugar yield of sugar beets depending on the mode of moisture capacity

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