Sermukhamet A.B.
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
Role of foreign economic relations
in economy of Kazakhstan
In modern conditions the external economic relations of any country is
one of an important component, forming structure, stability of national
economy.
Today any country in the world can't well develop without system of the
external economic relations which allows to be integrated into world trade
community.
Foreign economic relations are the international, economic, trade,
political, information relations providing an exchange of goods, various forms
of economic and scientific and technical cooperation, specialization,
production cooperation, joint business, rendering services, carrying out
currency and financial and credit transactions. On the basis of foreign
economic relations the international division of labor allowing achieving
economy of social activities in the course of rational production and an
exchange of its results between various countries is carried out. Favorable from
the economic point of view it is considered the international exchange of goods
only if thanks to import of goods it is possible to save on their production
and to get profit [1].
Formation of national economy of
Kazakhstan as independent state assumes its active inclusion in system of world
economic communications on the basis of the international division of labor and
equal mutually beneficial economic cooperation. Foreign economic relations are
established by subjects of economic activity of Kazakhstan and other states
concerning their foreign economic activity, both in the territory of
Kazakhstan, and beyond its limits. Interest of the certain countries in
expansion of the foreign economic relations speaks not only need of sales of
products foreign markets, but also need of receiving certain goods from the
outside [2].
The foreign trade policy of the state has to be considered, how one of
factors of the sustained economic growth directed both on increase of
efficiency of the foreign trade communications and on creating favorable
conditions for increase in a foreign trade turnover. The state support of the
industrial production focused on export of production that assumes activation
of mutual activity, both the domestic enterprises, and government bodies of the
power has to be one of key aspects of realization of a successful foreign trade
policy. Along with it, improvement of forms and methods of the state support of
foreign trade, assumes development of marketing, transport, financial,
information services [3].
Today Kazakhstan has the complexes which are
rather developed, providing high rates of economic growth fuel and energy and
metallurgical. At the same time relevance of increase of competitiveness of
national economy which, in particular, can be reached by enhancing
international cooperation and harmonious integration into world economy
remains.
Processes of
globalization and internationalization of production cause search of new forms
of the international interaction which would provide stability of development
of the certain countries in system of world economy.
In modern
conditions only through creation of effective mechanisms of realization of
national interests within the international cooperation it is possible to
answer calls of globalization of world economic system adequately.
Now the
foreign policy of Kazakhstan is focused on assistance to the accelerated
economic development of the country and to increase of its importance in the
world. The main priorities of the external economic policy of the Republic of
Kazakhstan are forming harmonious and mutually advantageous relations with the
main partners and international economic organizations [4].
Dynamically
the exchange of information and in the scientific and technical sphere
develops, trade in traditional and new services grows, the nomenclature of the
foreign trade exchange extends [3].
So far
questions of a foreign trade policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan took a
special place in government programs, but the bigger attention was paid to
liberalization of foreign economic activity, adjustment and strengthening of
foreign economic relations, than rationalization of structure of export and
import, for increase of competitiveness of domestic goods and services.
Especially the importance is got by
rationalization of structure of export and import. The structure of import of
the republic is focused on satisfaction of consumer needs.
The main
feature of export is its monoorientation that isn't characteristic for world
export. Monoorientation means that a basis of export of the republic some types
of the exported goods, generally make fuel raw material resources. In turn, it
causes narrowness of nomenclatures of the exported goods, raw specialization of
economy, and also attracts high dependence on price situation in the world
markets of fuel and raw materials. From in what direction the external economic
policy of the state and as the export potential will be effectively used will
be developed, participation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the international
division of labor, entry into number of the competitive countries of the world
will depend.
At the
present stage foreign trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the CIS
countries is characterized by expansion of sales markets for production of a
domestic production. As one of priorities of national policy in the field of
development of the foreign trade sector priority of trade with member countries
of the Customs union, that is, the Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus
moves forward [5].
The condition
of business climate, infrastructure, and also price level in the international
commodity markets substantially has impact on development of foreign trade. One
of indicators of efficiency of measures of the state for improvement and maintenance
at the high level of business climate is the country place in a rating of the
World bank "Introduction of Business " (Doing Business).
The position of Kazakhstan in the international rating
of Business which reflects creating favorable conditions for implementation of
business activity, for the last year increased by 3 points. Among 189 countries
of Kazakhstan is on the 50th place (Table 2.1.1). Kazakhstan has the best
estimates on such indicators, as: registration of the enterprises – the 30th place,
registration of property – the 18th place, protection of investors – the 22nd
place, the taxation – the 18th place, ensuring performance of contracts – the
27th place.
The purpose of the analysis is an assessment of the
main tendencies of development of world trade and a condition of foreign trade
of Kazakhstan by means of an index of efficiency of trade (TPI). Comparison of
world demand and the Kazakhstan offer is carried out, potential opportunities
for export of goods are revealed.
The worst indicator in the Business rating –
international trade – the 186th place. The country assessment in this category
is especially important as this indicator is reflection of influence of process
of economic integration on possibility of business of Kazakhstan successfully
to compete outside the country. As shows the analysis of experts of the World
bank, Kazakhstan considerably lags behind the majority of the countries of
Europe and Central Asia, not to mention more developed countries (OECD) on time
necessary for business for implementation of operation on export or import, and
also at the cost of export-import transactions
Pure export is the most exact characteristic of
results of foreign trade of the country as expenses on acquisition of import
components of production focused on export are subtracted from export revenue
of the country.
In production sector of Kazakhstan the considerable
part of the equipment and technologies, and also accessories and raw materials
for production of finished goods is imported from abroad. Therefore pure export
is the important indicator of development of the Kazakhstan production.
The TPI index opens a condition of the Kazakhstan
export and the taken country position in system of world trade, commodity and
geographical diversification which main indicators are: the volume of pure
export, export per capita, a share of export of RK in the world market, degree
of concentration of export on goods and sales markets [6].
In general,
the success of activity in trade of this or that country is analyzed and
estimated by certain criteria. For example, one country can successfully export
separately taken product in any concrete market, thus have high growth rates,
and another shows the moderate growth of an export potential by diversified geography
of deliveries and the delivered product line.
The purpose of state regulation of foreign economic
activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan is the balanced social economic
development of the state, formation of social market economy, a gain of concrete
positions in the world commodity markets, saturation of the domestic consumer
market, attraction and effective use of foreign investments for development of
Kazakhstan [7].
The analysis of efficiency of foreign trade of a
certain country reflects trade influence in general on increase in growth rates
of gross domestic product. Diversification of sales markets and building of an
export potential of the country reflect growth rates of labor productivity,
degree of development and openness of economy in general. The majority of
emerging economies which joined the World Trade Organization assumed the
initiatives directed on openness of the economies [8].
In regulation of the foreign trade relations the role
of the state repeatedly increases in conditions of a world economic crisis. In
this regard, search of new ideas in development of an effective foreign trade
policy is necessary to create favorable conditions for development of the
foreign trade sector of economy, diversifications of economy for sustained economic
growth.
In summary it should be noted that Kazakhstan has
considerable potential for export development. Despite recession in global
economy, the nomenclature of export articles and new sales markets extends,
volumes of deliveries of separate goods grow, all stated above is the basis for
a further sustainable development of foreign trade of the country.
Literature:
1.
E. G. Nepomnyashchy. Organization and regulation of foreign economic activity:
Course of lectures. – Taganrog. 2007.
2.
K.R. Nurgaliyev, A.K. Nurgaliyev. Economy of Kazakhstan. Almaty, Ziyat Press,
2007.
3.
Kapysheva S. K. Foreign trade policy of the Republic Kazakhstan: problems,
priorities and mechanism of realization. The abstract, - Karaganda, 2009.
4.
Kazakhstan for years of Independence. Popular scientific edition. - Almaty.
KISI at the President of Kazakhstan. 2005.
5.
Beysenbayeva A.K. Customs control. The textbook – Almaty: "Nour
press", 2006.
6.
Analysis of tendencies of world trade and foreign trade of the Republic of
Kazakhstan. – Astana, 2014.
7.
T. Begishev, Instruments of state regulation of foreign economic activity of
RK. Messenger of KAZGU. Series economic. Almaty, 1998, No. 10
8.
S. Alibekov, Legal regulation of foreign economic activity: textbook. – Almaty.
2013