УДК 316.647.5.

To a question of tolerance formation in modern ethno-cultural space

Carybekov M.N., Kabylbekova Z. B. - Kazahstan (Astana, Shymkent )

Modern Kazakhstan is multinational, polyconfessional, polycultural country and represents original synthesis of the cultures distinguished both external forms, and the internal contents. In a modern society there is an essential updating education which not only prepares for the future experts, but also teaches youth to bear the responsibility for, the acts to build harmonious relations with itself, other people, with the world. On the foreground the need of formation of the whole pictures of world around at rising generation, spiritual, cultural, moral values in their national and universal understanding is put forward. Accordingly in such conditions requirements and tasks of education of rising generation become complicated.

Scientific researches of scientists in the given direction allow to allocate in the modern approach to questions of education two parallel processes. So, one of processes is characterized by formation of the person at teenage and youthful age. At this age there is an identification of the person to an ethnic attribute, self-determination of the person as carrier of culture of the certain ethnos.

Other approach proceeds from interaction of nations in political, religious, economic and cultural space during which the countries and the states become not only mutually rich, but also interdependent. The relations which have arisen in a similar way demand from each person of emotional forces and the personal qualities allowing peacefully to coexist people of various races and ethnoses, creeds and outlooks, customs and traditions, habits and tastes. One of personal qualities, which draw ethnoses together and promoting adaptation in modern society is tolerance.

The theoretical analysis of the literature on a considered problem proves the occurrence of a creation necessity in a pedagogical science « tolerance pedagogics» (V.A.Tishkov). Education of tolerance in human relations, under V.S.Gershunsky's statement, is the major strategic task of education in XXI century.

The study of a tolerance problem shows, that researches of pedagogical aspects of the given problem lag behind researches in the field of philosophy, sociology, political science etc. In R.R.Valitova's, D.V.Zinov'ev’s, V.M.Zolotuhin’s, V.A.Lektorsky’s, M.P.Mchedlov’s, L.V.Skvortsov’s, V.A.Tishkov’s, M.Waltcer’s, V.V.Shalin’s works the positions concerning a role and a place of tolerance in public life are opened. So, V.M.Zolotuhin considers two concepts of tolerance - religious and civil, promoting upbringing of an individual responsibility for the applicability in a society. V.A.Tishkov marks, that distinctions between cultures and people can cause serious disagreements, therefore he considers tolerance as a basis of the world’s culture.

V.V.Shalin investigates a problem of tolerance in a direction of social philosophy and analyzes a correlation of tolerance in conditions of the modern world with culture values, politic, education and with the globalization processes. Exactly the modern world globalization and transformation of the Russian society, according to V.V.Shalin's statement, « have put on the agenda transition to new tolerant type of social relations». R.R.Valitova marks, that tolerance - « is a position calling for activity, to an establishment of spiritual connection with another ». Being guided by tolerance as a principle of humane dialogue, the person comes to understanding of another person, to a recognition of his rights, to expansion of the social experience and valuable orientations.

Due to efforts of UNESCO last years the concept "tolerance" became the international term. In a modern society tolerance should become meaningly formed model of mutual relation of people, the nations, the countries. In a preamble of the Principles of tolerance Declaration is marked, that « the education should promote mutual understanding, tolerance and friendship between all peoples, racial and religious groups ». To relieve the future generation of war disasters, it is necessary to ratify « belief in fundamental laws of the person, in advantage and value of the human person and in these purposes to show tolerance and to live together, in the world with each other, as kind neighbours ».

We will address to concept of "tolerance". Tolerantia - in translation with Latin means patience. The understanding of tolerance is ambiguous in different cultures and depends on historical experience of people. In the English language, according to the Oxford dictionary, tolerance it « readiness and ability without the protest to perceive the person or a thing »; in French « respect of freedom of another person, his image of idea, behaviour, political and religious sights »; in Chinese - be tolerant means « to show magnanimity concerning others, to allow, suppose ». In the Arabian language tolerance is « a pardon, indulgence, softness, condescension, compassion, favour, patience, to be disposed to other people»; in Persian - « patience, tolerance, endurance, readiness for reconciliation ». In the Kazakh language tolerance means concept of patience of two values « shydamdylyk» - patience and "tozimdilik" - deeper value of the given concept. Well known politician and the philosopher of the present times A.Aytaly marks concerning a considered problem that the idea of tolerance can seem usual patience to another's features only at first sight. Tolerance arises as command of time, and accordingly can result in various conclusions. So, intolerance to the speaking another language people, having independent opinion, to carriers of other belief, to people recognizing other vital values can not be shown, and can develop in a hostile opposition, rage, anger. The display of negative emotions is fraught both for the separate person, and for all ethnos, religion, the states as a whole. Democracy it not only freedom, first of all it is the responsibility for the words and acts, the skill to be self-controlled in the most difficult situations. Tolerance recognizes the right on originality, individuality, sometimes and the right on mistakes for each person. Both without a mutual consent it is imposible to construct democracy, and without democracy and freedom the unity is impossible.

In Russian there are two words with similar value - tolerance and patience.

"Tolerance" - patience to another's opinion, creed, behaviour. According to the dictionary of Russian language "patience" means the patient attitude to some-body-thing, to another's opinions. Tolerance represents an attribute of culture of wit, is expressed in respect for another's opinions and belief. K.Wain emphasizes, that tolerance is not simply a recognition and respect of belief and actions of other people, and « a recognition and respect of « other people » which differ from us ». Both separate individuals, and people as representatives of ethnic groups to whom they belong are admitted (should be admitted) by the meaning of "others". For the multinational state, that Kazakhstan is, such sight on tolerance is actual enough, as a variety of ethnic groups can cause complications in dialogue. В.М. Phillipov has noted, that « tolerance on the semantic value is wider, than interethnic tolerance, for a multy-cultural society sphere of relations between people of different nationalities, religions, education of respect for other people have key value ».

In the English-Russian psychological dictionary translation of the English word tolerance means: the acquired stability, a limit of stability (endurance) of the person; stability to stress; stability to the conflict; stability to behavioural deviations.

In A.G.Asmolov's researches, the term "tolerance" is submitted in three crossed values: 1) stability, endurance; 2) patience; 3) the admission, a maximum deviation.

During the analysis of sources it is possible to allocate the following criteria of tolerance:

- Equality of people;

- Mutual respect, goodwill and the tolerant attitude to the representatives of various groups and groups as a whole;

- Equal opportunities for participation in public and political life of all members of a society;

- Preservation and development of cultural originality and languages of all ethnoses;

- An opportunity of observance of the own traditions and customs;

- A freedom of worship;

- Cooperation and solidarity in the decision of the common problems;

- Positive lexics in interpersonal and interethnic relations.

Primary goals of tolerant qualities formation at rising generation can be realized through the decision of the problems facing to multi-cultural education.

So a number of authors are allocated the following problems of multi-cultural education:

1) deep and all-round mastering culture of people by pupils as an indispensable condition of integration in other cultures;

2) the formation of representations about cultures variety in the world at the learners, upbringing of the positive attitude to the cultural distinctions promoting progress of mankind and a necessary condition for self-realization of the person;

3) the formation and development of skills of effective interaction with representatives of various cultures;

4) the upbringing of the spirit of peaceful disposition, tolerance, humane interethnic dialogue in the pupils.

In the conditions of modern general schools the decision of these tasks probably within the framework of studying the contents of some training courses: "Social science", « The general history », « The history of Kazakhstan », « Labour training », "Fine arts", special courses "Abai’s study", "Mukhtar’s study", "Self-knowledge" etc. And also in a wide use of an arsenal of forms, methods and means of out-of-class and out-of-school work, involving in cooperation of trainees, stimulating their activity and aspiration to self-realization.

The special attention in the program of multi-cultural education is given to training of pupils to culture of the world and human rights. Training of the human rights, capable to develop free, constrained, responsible judgements, should be promoted by the ethical side of tolerance.

Today it is important to find effective mechanisms of children’s education in spirit of tolerance, respect of rights of people of all races and nations.

The educational purposes of tolerant qualities upbringing of the person consist not only in mastering the contents, but also in formation of all necessary skills concerning declaration of value of human advantage, and also to the statement of the values derivative of tolerance.

The used literature

1. Talanov V. Tolerance Pedagogics // Higher education in Russia. - M, 2001. - №5.- 41p.

2..Gershunsky V.S Tolerance in the modern world // - M.: Pedagogica, 2000.-15p.

3. Taychinov M.G. The development of national education in a multy-cultural, multinational society // Pedagogica. 1999. №2, 30-35p.

4. Shelamova G.M. Pedagogical conditions of tolerance formation of professional gymnasium pupils. From PhD dissertation’s abstract, 2003. 28p.

5. Tishkov V.A. Etnics, nationalism and the state in a postcommunistic society // Questions of sociology. 1993. № ½