Филологические науки/3.Теоретические и методологические проблемы исследования языка

Babaskina I.A.

Altai State University, The Russian federation

“Hypertext Methodology” as the guidance on establishing new relationships

Since the appearance of a computer in the 20^th century Cosmos has been changed and has led to the demand for establishing new relationships. Here the statement by Chinese philosophers, like those by Western theorists concerned both with literature and computing, show a remarkable convergence [3, p.1]. Carol K. Anthony and Hanna Moog from the Chinese I Ching Institute working at a totally new understanding of nature of the Cosmos and its way, Theodor Nelson and Andries van Dam working in computing, Jacques Derrida and Roland Barthes working in literary and cultural theory argue that we must abandon conceptual systems founded upon ideas of center, margin, hierarchy, and linearity and replace them by ones of multilinearity, nodes, links, and networks. This paradigm shift, as George P. Landow calls it, has caused an absolutely new approach in study of textuality precisely matching that which has come to be called computer hypertext [3, p.3]. Experiencing the death of Intermedia and the Migration to hypertext, which exists in a new Cosmos, means “a work with chaos”, reorganization of the Cosmos itself.

The concept of rhizome characterizes the structure of a computer hypertext that can be easily “navigated” by a Man, using rhizome simulation, in the centre of which is the grammatical category of time correlation.

B

(before) T (the grammatical category of time correlation)

0 following events A (after)

(0=reference point “here-and-now”)

Picture 3 Place of the grammatical category of time correlation in the reference frame

The Perfect forms under a new hypertextual nickname are considered to be one of the main concepts that arrange a chaotic dynamical system of a new Cosmos into a “divinely ordered creation”; e.g. The programme has been running a term and a half, so it’s still a work in progress, but he is confident about its prospects, saying that it gives PSHE (commonly known as “citizenship” lessons) a more distinctive framework (The Observer Guardian).

UP the zero grammatical tense

B (The Universal Perfect)

“has been running”

(ongoing action)

0 A

Picture 4 The Universal Perfect as the blending point of the preceding and the following events in the reference frame

The Universal Perfect plays the pivotal role – it has significantly high grammatical value to serve as the starting point of hypertext. To the extent that in Hypertext space the reference point doesn’t coincide with the moment of speech, consequently the Perfect tense must be treated as the zero grammatical tense for the hypertext.

To show how to use the Universal Perfect in order to arrange the events in accord with the reference point it’s necessary to teach a Man a “rhizome simulation” that provides a basis of “Hypertext methodology”.

In the news article “Happy Talk” taken from “the Observer Guardian” website arrangement between the events in accord with the reference point begins with the two examples of Universal Perfect.

e.g. (1) Since then, there has been a rising clamour for more happiness, or less unhappiness, most recently with Oliver James’s book Affluenza, which identifies mass consumerism as the root of our malaise.

British happiness levels have been static since the Seventies, which mirrors the experience of most developed countries. (The Observer Guardian)

e.g. (2) If life satisfaction hasn’t moved for 30 years, you need to see an intervention that works, be it with old people or kids - a better version of Making Slough Happy (The Observer Guardian).

Thus, taking into consideration Klein’s claim that the perfect relates the reference time to the event time, and not to the speech time [1], we may state that English Perfect is the main tool for reading a hypertext.

The “flows” of events described in electronic sources produce sole impression only in their sequence. The cyclical events described in the electronic hypertext as well as the separate tones of one tune do not exist simultaneously, but are linked to each other. Owing to this link or connection, the unbroken (continuous) process of appearing new events, which are built by Perfect forms, is taken in by a Man as the “unity”. Therefore, on account of the Present Perfect forms a Man turns out to be able to cope with the huge volume of information, circulating in a diversified electronic hypertext space.

A Man using Perfect in its whole scope of meaning can learn how to be in harmony with oneself, how to return to one’s true self. When a Man is in harmony with oneself, his acts have the quality of being spontaneously correct, meaningappropriate and fitting, without any conscious intention [2]. This natural state might be gained by means of four types of the Present Perfect forms.

While reading a hypertext, where, says, Barthes, the networks are many and interact, without any one of them being able to surpass the rest [4, p. 432]. A Man turns out to be able to read a Hypertext by choosing “Existential” Perfect, or as it’s called by P. Portner “Hot News” Perfect. “Existential” Perfect describes events, which have just occurred, and seems to suggest that these events are especially noteworthy [5].

The “Resultative” type describes the result stage of the action that agent carried out intentionally, thus perfective events have intentional component to it [6].

The significant function of “Experiential” Perfect is that to blur the boundaries between reader and writer in Hypertext, thus it’s goal is to instantiate another quality of Barthes’s “ideal text”: to make the reader no longer a consumer, but a producer of the text. [4, p. 430].

In this case Experiential Perfect fulfils a function of both a reader’s medium and a writer’s tool, together with a hypertext document system allows authors or groups of authors to link information together, create paths through a corpus of related material, annotate existing texts, and create notes that point readers to either bibliographic data or the body of the referenced text. Readers can browse through linked, cross-referenced, annotated texts in an orderly but nonsequential manner. [7, p.5]. P1

P3

R UP

O P2

0

(reference point) hyperreality HR

Picture 7 The Perfect forms in the three-dimensional coordinate system

Note: axis O denotes “ongoing action”, UP stands for Universal Perfect, P1 – Resultative Perfect, P2 – Existential \ “Hot News” Perfect, P3 – Experiential Perfect. If we take UP equal to 1, then R multiplied by low index is equal to P2, and correspondingly, R multiplied by high index is equal to P1 or P3. So, we have: R* (0;1) = P2, R* (1; + ∞) = P1, P3

Thus, a full hypertext system is characterized as the three-dimensional system, within which all events are being arranged in accord with the reference point “here-and-now”, and being described as “preceding”, “ongoing” and “following” actions.

The relations between the perfect forms are maintained and regulated by the rhizome simulation, that embodies the ideas of self similarity and scaling built on particular Hypertext logic– rhizome, that the of “Hypertext methodology” is closely linked to. Due to the rhizome simulation, as the part of “Hypertext methodology”, a new Cosmos, irrespective of its chaotic structure and unpredictability, can be easily navigated by a Man, with the help of English perfect forms.

Consequently, we may state that “Hypertext Methodology” acts as the guidance on establishing new relationships and as the means of adaptation to the practice of the present-day communication. People recognizing the need for each other to survive in a new Cosmos become families.

References:

1. Artemis Alexiadou, Monika Rathert, and Arnim von Stechow Introduction: the modules of Perfect constructions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. http://2.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/~arnim10/Aufsaetze/vorwortperfect.pdf

2. Carol K. Anthony and Hanna Moog The I Ching Institute http://www.ichingoracle.com/institute.phpveries

3. George P. Landow Hypertextual Derrida, Postructuralist Nelson? Brown University (© the Johns Hopkins University Press), 1992. http://scholars.nus.edu.sg/cpace/ht/jhup/parallels.html

4. Р. Барт S/Z // Избранные работы: Семиотика. Поэтика: Пер. с фр. / Сост, общ. ред., вступ. ст. Г.К. Косикова. – М.: Изд. группа «Прогресс», «Универс», 1994 – 616 стр.

5. Paul Portner The (Temporal) Semantics and (Modal) Pragmatics of the Perfect, Georgetown University, October 2000. http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/2MxZjI3M/Portner-perfect.pdf

6. Katz, Graham A semantic account of the stative adverb gap, 2000. In Ewald Lang Catherine Fabricius-Hansen, and Claudia Maierborn (Eds.), Ap-proaching the Grammar of Adjuncts, Number 17 in ZAS Papers in Linguistics. 2001 (A)temporal complements. http://linguistlist.org/issues/14/14-3374.html

7. George P. Landow Roland Barthes and the Writerly Text, Brown University (© the Johns Hopkins University Press), 1992. http://scholars.nus.edu.sg/cpace/ht/jhup/parallels.html