Ïðàâî / 2. Àäì³í³ìñòðàòèâíå ³ ô³íàíñîâå ïðàâî

 

Êàíä. þðèä.íàóê Ëó÷êîâñüêà Ñ.².

Õìåëüíèöüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò, Óêðà¿íà

 

Çàâäàííÿ âàëþòíîãî êîíòðîëþ

Âàëþòíèé êîíòðîëü ñïðÿìîâàíèé íà çàáåçïå÷åííÿ äîòðèìàííÿ âàëþòíîãî çàêîíîäàâñòâà ï³ä ÷àñ çä³éñíåííÿ âàëþòíèõ îïåðàö³é ³ òèì ñàìèì º çàñîáîì ï³äòðèìàííÿ ïðàâîïîðÿäêó ó ö³é ñôåð³. Âàëþòíèé êîíòðîëü çàáåçïå÷óº ïåðåâ³ðêó ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ñóá’ºêò³â, ÿê³ ïðîâîäÿòü âàëþòí³ îïåðàö³¿ ç ìåòîþ âèÿâëåííÿ âèïàäê³â ïîðóøåííÿ çàêîíîäàâñòâà. Øëÿõîì âàëþòíîãî êîíòðîëþ ïîâèííî çä³éñíþâàòèñÿ ïîñò³éíå ñïîñòåðåæåííÿ çà çä³éñíþâàíèìè âàëþòíèìè îïåðàö³ÿìè, çàâäÿêè ÷îìó ñòຠìîæëèâîþ îö³íêà ðåçóëüòàò³â çàõîä³â âàëþòíî¿ ïîë³òèêè äåðæàâè òà ¿õ ñâîº÷àñíà êîðåêö³ÿ. Òàêà ìåòà âàëþòíîãî êîíòðîëþ ïîâèííà äîñÿãàòèñÿ íàñàìïåðåä ÷åðåç çä³éñíåííÿ çàâäàíü îñòàííüîãî. Ñòîñîâíî îñíîâíèõ çàâäàíü âàëþòíîãî êîíòðîëþ, ââàæàºìî çà äîö³ëüíå âèä³ëèòè íàñòóïí³.

Ïî-ïåðøå, çàáåçïå÷åííÿ åêîíîì³÷íî¿ áåçïåêè äåðæàâè òà çàõèñò íàö³îíàëüíèõ ³íòåðåñ³â. ³äïîâ³äíî äî Çàêîíó Óêðà¿íè „Ïðî îñíîâè íàö³îíàëüíî¿ áåçïåêè Óêðà¿íè” â³ä 19 ÷åðâíÿ 2003 ðîêó (ñò. 7) [1].  Íà ñó÷àñíîìó åòàï³ îñíîâíèìè ðåàëüíèìè òà  ïîòåíö³éíèìè çàãðîçàìè íàö³îíàëüí³é áåçïåö³ Óêðà¿íè, ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ â åêîíîì³÷í³é ñôåð³ º, çîêðåìà, îñëàáëåííÿ ñèñòåìè  äåðæàâíîãî ðåãóëþâàííÿ ³ êîíòðîëþ ó ñôåð³ åêîíîì³êè. Âèð³øåííÿ âêàçàíîãî âèùå çàâäàííÿ º ïåðøî÷åðãîâèì â óìîâàõ ³íòåãðàö³¿ óêðà¿íñüêî¿ åêîíîì³êè â ñèñòåìó ì³æíàðîäíèõ åêîíîì³÷íèõ â³äíîñèí, ùî çàëåæèòü â³ä ó÷àñò³ êðà¿íè â ãëîáàë³çàö³éíèõ ïðîöåñàõ. Ó çâ’ÿçêó ³ç öèì íåîáõ³äíî íàñàìïåðåä îö³íèòè ìàñøòàáè „â³äêðèòîñò³” åêîíîì³êè Óêðà¿íè ç ìåòîþ îïòèìàëüíîãî äîñÿãíåííÿ ñòðàòåã³÷íèõ ö³ëåé çàãàëüíîåêîíîì³÷íî¿ é âàëþòíî¿ ïîë³òèêè òà íåäîïóùåííÿ åêîíîì³÷íèõ ïîòðÿñ³íü. Àäæå ÿê â³äì³÷ຠÞ.Î.Áëàùóê „ãëîáàë³çàö³ÿ çíà÷íî çâóçèëà âïëèâ íàö³îíàëüíèõ äåðæàâ íà åêîíîì³êó. ² íàñàìïåðåä öå ñòîñóºòüñÿ êîíòðîëüíèõ ôóíêö³é äåðæàâè, çì³íè ¿õ çàâäàíü ³ ìåòîä³â ðåàë³çàö³¿” [2, c.27].

            Ïî-äðóãå, ñòèìóëþâàííÿ íàö³îíàëüíîãî åêñïîðòó òà ðåãóëþâàííÿ ³ìïîðòíèõ ïîñòàâîê â ³íòåðåñàõ â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ òîâàðîâèðîáíèê³â, çàõèñòó òîâàðíîãî, âàëþòíîãî òà ôîíäîâîãî ðèíê³â Óêðà¿íè â³ä íåñïðèÿòëèâîãî âïëèâó ñâ³òîâî¿ êîí’þíêòóðè, íåäîáðîñîâ³ñíî¿ ³íîçåìíî¿ êîíêóðåíö³¿ òà ³íøèõ ïðîòèïðàâíèõ ä³é. ijÿëüí³ñòü äåðæàâè ïîâèííà îð³ºíòóâàòèñÿ íà â³äêðèòòÿ âíóòð³øíüîãî ðèíêó äëÿ ³íîçåìíèõ òîâàð³â ç îäíî÷àñíèì óäîñêîíàëåííÿì ñèñòåìè çàõèñòó â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ òîâàðîâèðîáíèê³â. Íåîáõ³äíî ïðîâîäèòè ñêîîðäèíîâàíå, ïîåòàïíå, ï³ä êîíòðîëåì äåðæàâè, â³äêðèòòÿ âíóòð³øíüîãî ðèíêó.

Ïî-òðåòº, àêóìóëþâàííÿ âàëþòíî-ô³íàíñîâèõ ðåñóðñ³â, íåîáõ³äíèõ äëÿ ïðîäîâæåííÿ ñòðóêòóðíî¿ ïåðåáóäîâè òà çáàëàíñîâàíîãî çðîñòàííÿ åêîíîì³êè. Âàëþòí³ ðåçåðâè ÿâëÿþòü ñîáîþ âèñîêîë³êâ³äí³ ô³íàíñîâ³ àêòèâè, ÿê³ âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ äëÿ ïîãàøåííÿ çîâí³øíüî¿ çàáîðãîâàíîñò³, îïëàòó ³ìïîðòó òîâàð³â òà ïîñëóã, à òàêîæ äëÿ ï³äòðèìàííÿ ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ êóðñó íàö³îíàëüíî¿ âàëþòè ïðè ïîã³ðøåíí³ ïëàò³æíîãî áàëàíñó êðà¿íè. Îòæå, îáñÿã âàëþòíèõ ðåçåðâ³â º âàæëèâèì ïîêàçíèêîì åêîíîì³÷íî¿ áåçïåêè äåðæàâè.

Ïî-÷åòâåðòå, çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ ãðîøîâî-êðåäèòíî¿ ñèñòåìè òà ïîïîâíåííÿ âàëþòíèõ ðåçåðâ³â ó ðåçóëüòàò³ çìåíøåííÿ â³äïëèâó êàï³òàëó çà êîðäîí áåç îáìåæåííÿ ñâîáîäè ðóõó ëåãàëüíî çäîáóòîãî êàï³òàëó. Íåëåãàëüíèé â³äïëèâ êàï³òàëó º îäí³ºþ ç ôóíäàìåíòàëüíèõ ïðè÷èí ³íâåñòèö³éíî¿ êðèçè, îäí³ºþ ç ãîëîâíèõ ïåðåøêîä íà øëÿõó åêîíîì³÷íèõ ïåðåòâîðåíü ó äåðæàâ³. Ó ñó÷àñíèõ óìîâàõ âàëþòíèé êîíòðîëü º òèì åëåìåíòîì  âàëþòíî¿ ïîë³òèêè äåðæàâè, ùî ñïðàâëÿº ïðÿìèé âïëèâ íà âíóòð³øíþ ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü òà ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ãðîøîâî-êðåäèòíî¿ ñèñòåìè.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

Ïî-ïÿòå, ñòâîðåííÿ ñïðèÿòëèâèõ óìîâ äëÿ ðåïàòð³àö³¿ óêðà¿íñüêîãî êàï³òàëó. Àäæå ïîâåðíåííÿ êàï³òàë³â ³ç-çà êîðäîíó â Óêðà¿íó ñïðèÿòèìå ïîêðàùåííþ ³íâåñòèö³éíîãî êë³ìàòó íàñàìïåðåä çà ðàõóíîê âíóòð³øíüîäåðæàâíèõ ³íâåñòèö³é.

Ïî-øîñòå, âèÿâëåííÿ, ïðèïèíåííÿ òà ïîïåðåäæåííÿ ñïðîá ëåãàë³çàö³¿ íåçàêîííèõ äîõîä³â òà âèâåçåííÿ êàï³òàëó, îäåðæàíîãî çëî÷èííèì øëÿõîì. Íàãðîìàäæåí³ íàäïðèáóòêè (íàñàìïåðåä, â³ä òîðã³âë³ íàðêîòèêàìè, çáðîºþ òà ëþäüìè, êîðóïö³¿, óõèëåííÿ â³ä ñïëàòè ïîäàòê³â òîùî) ó âèãëÿä³ ãðîøîâèõ êîøò³â ³ ìàéíà êðèì³íàëüí³ ñòðóêòóðè ïðàãíóòü ëåãàë³çóâàòè çà äîïîìîãîþ ð³çíîìàí³òíèõ ñõåì òà ìåòîä³â â³äìèâàííÿ ïðîòèïðàâíî îäåðæàíèõ êàï³òàë³â ³ç ìåòîþ ïðèõîâóâàííÿ çëî÷èííî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³. Òàê, ç ìåòîþ âïðîâàäæåííÿ ì³æíàðîäíèõ ñòàíäàðò³â ó ñôåð³ çàïîá³ãàííÿ òà ïðîòè䳿 ëåãàë³çàö³¿ íåçàêîííèõ äîõîä³â ³ ô³íàíñóâàííþ òåðîðèçìó Âåðõîâíîþ Ðàäîþ Óêðà¿íè áóëî ïðèéíÿòî áàçîâèé Çàêîí Óêðà¿íè «Ïðî çàïîá³ãàííÿ òà ïðîòèä³þ ëåãàë³çàö³¿ (â³äìèâàííþ) äîõîä³â, îäåðæàíèõ çëî÷èííèì øëÿõîì» â³ä 28 ëèñòîïàäà 2002 ðîêó [3], äîïîâíåííÿ äî Êîäåêñó Óêðà¿íè ïðî àäì³í³ñòðàòèâí³ ïðàâîïîðóøåííÿ, ÿêèìè âñòàíîâëåíî àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíó â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü çà ïîðóøåííÿ çàêîíîäàâñòâà ùîäî çàïîá³ãàííÿ òà ïðîòè䳿 ëåãàë³çàö³¿ íåçàêîííèõ äîõîä³â, çì³íè äî Êðèì³íàëüíîãî êîäåêñó Óêðà¿íè, ÿêèìè çá³ëüøåíî ê³ëüê³ñòü êâàë³ô³êóþ÷èõ îçíàê â³äïîâ³äíîãî çëî÷èíó. Ïîñòàíîâàìè Êàá³íåòó ̳í³ñòð³â Óêðà¿íè â³ä 26 êâ³òíÿ 2003 ð. ¹ 644 ³ ¹ 646 áóëî çàòâåðäæåíî â³äïîâ³äíî Ïîðÿäîê ðåºñòðàö³¿ ô³íàíñîâèõ îïåðàö³é ñóá’ºêòàìè ïåðâèííîãî ô³íàíñîâîãî ìîí³òîðèíãó òà Ïîðÿäîê âçÿòòÿ íà îáë³ê Äåðæàâíèì äåïàðòàìåíòîì ô³íàíñîâîãî ìîí³òîðèíãó (Äåðæô³íìîí³òîðèíãîì) ô³íàíñîâèõ îïåðàö³é, ùî ï³äëÿãàþòü îáîâ’ÿçêîâîìó ô³íàíñîâîìó ìîí³òîðèíãó. Äåðæô³íìîí³òîðèíãîì ó ñâîþ ÷åðãó âèäàíî íèçêó íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâèõ àêò³â, ÿêèìè âñòàíîâëåíî âèìîãè äî îðãàí³çàö³¿ ô³íàíñîâîãî ìîí³òîðèíãó ñóá’ºêòàìè ïåðâèííîãî ô³íàíñîâîãî ìîí³òîðèíãó, êâàë³ô³êàö³¿ ïðàö³âíèêà ñóá’ºêòà ïåðâèííîãî ô³íàíñîâîãî ìîí³òîðèíãó, à òàêîæ ôîðìè îáë³êó òà ïîäàííÿ  ³íôîðìàö³¿,  ïîâ’ÿçàíî¿ ç³ çä³éñíåííÿì ô³íàíñîâîãî ìîí³òîðèíãó òà ³íñòðóêö³¿ ùîäî ¿õ çàïîâíåííÿ. ²ç âïðîâàäæåííÿì ñèñòåìè ô³íàíñîâîãî ìîí³òîðèíãó, íå çâàæàþ÷è íà ïåâí³ ïðîáëåìè ÿê òåîðåòè÷íîãî, òàê ³ ïðàêòè÷íîãî õàðàêòåðó, áóëî çàïðîâàäæåíî îðãàí³çàö³éíî-ïðàâîâèé ìåõàí³çì ïðîòè䳿 ëåãàë³çàö³¿ „áðóäíèõ” ãðîøåé, ÿêèé â òîìó ÷èñë³ ñïðÿìîâàíèé ³ íà çàáåçïå÷åííÿ çàâäàíü âàëþòíîãî êîíòðîëþ.

˳òåðàòóðà:

 

1.     Çàêîí Óêðà¿íè „Ïðî îñíîâè íàö³îíàëüíî¿ áåçïåêè Óêðà¿íè” â³ä 19.06.2003 ð. // ³äîìîñò³ Âåðõîâíî¿ Ðàäè Óêðà¿íè. – 2003. – ¹ 39. – Ñò. 351.

2.     Áëàùóê Þ.Î. Ïðîáëåìè âàëþòíîãî êîíòðîëþ. – Ê.: Âèäàâ÷íè÷èé öåíòð „ÄðÓê”, 2001. –  48 ñ. Ñ. 27.

3.     Çàêîí „Ïðî çàïîá³ãàííÿ òà ïðîòèä³þ ëåãàë³çàö³¿ (â³äìèâàííþ) äîõîä³â, îäåðæàíèõ çëî÷èííèì øëÿõîì” â³ä 28.11.2002 ð. // ³äîìîñò³ Âåðõîâíî¿ Ðàäè Óêðà¿íè. – 2003. - ¹ 1. – Ñò. 2.