Экология/4.Промышленная экология и медицина труда.

UDC 581.4. 1.412

SihymbaevA.E.

South Kazakhstan State University named after M.Auezov
Republic of Kazakhstan, Shymkent

Relict and rare species of dendroflora of Western Tien-Shan

Relict species are retained species from flora of more or less early times, in this connection they are differed as the Tertiary, Pleistocene, and postpleystotsense relics. They can occupy as small (area of the relic) and very large areas (Bykov, 1973).

Kazakhstan has a particular interest and importance is the protection of rare plants. Man have considerable influence on the nature of country, so-called man-made changes. However about one-seventh of the Kazakhstan’s flora consist rare species. At this number includes a large group of endemic and relict species (Vintergoller, 1984). The development of scientific and technological progress leads to rapid destruction of pristine habitats, reduction of habitat, destruction of entire populations, leading ultimately to the irretrievable loss of biological species. Therefore, recently in our country the great attention is paid attention to the environment and nature protection.

Relict and endemic species of Western Tyan-Shan are basically remained kseromorphysyroze descendants of Tertiary floras that have passed various environmental transformation of the way to the later conditions of existence (Lyashchenko, 1979).

As part of Western Tien-Shan dendroflora is possible to notice these relic elements:
1. Celtis caucasica Willd - Relic drevnesredizemnomorskoy subtropical forest flora of the Paleogene. In Kazakhstan, the mountains of the south and east-west Tien Shan (Kazygurt, range of mountains Ugam, Karzhantau, Sayramsu, Saryaygyr, Burgulyuk), Karatau, the Kyrgyz Alatau and the Chu-Ili Mountains, Trans-Ili Alatau and the Junggar. Growing among shrubs, along with the wild apple, apricot (apricot), maple Semenov at the height of 850-1300 meters above sea level, forming a remarkable xerophytic woodlands.

2. Acer semenovii Regel et Herd. - Tertiary relict forest vegetation. Kseromezofitic Tien Shan tree height of 6-8 meters.

In Kazakhstan, the maple grows in Semenov Tien - Shan and Junggar Alatau, where it forms small groves and woodlands. On beds of mountain streams up to large sizes. In the Western Tien-Shan: Mts. Karzhantau, Ugam, gorge. Sayramsu, Saryaygyr, Burgulyuk, Kazygurt.

3. Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge - Tertiary relic deciduous forests.
A tree 20-25 m high with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m at breast height. In the riverine, due to the confinement of rekolyubivym it stands to mountain river valleys.Rekolyubivy ash, growing in the floodplain forests along the valleys of mountain rivers and on mountain slopes in the northern and western Tien Shan (dol. p. Ugam) and Karatau.

4. Vitis vinifera L. - Relic mesophyllic forest flora Oligocene.
Liana, prostrate on the ground or climbing up the trunks of trees, reaching 25-30 (40) m in length. It occurs in the mountains of Karatau, the western end and the Trans-Ili Alatau in the Western Tien Shan (base. p. Ugam). It grows along the rivers and springs of the apple forests and woodlands, and groves of Caucasian skeleton Turkestan hawthorn, creating a completely entwined with green curtains.
Vitis vinifera frost and drought-resistant, so it is used as source material for breeding.

5. Euonymus koopmannii Lauche. - Relic of the forest vegetation of the Tertiary
the period. Evergreen shrub to 1 m tall. It occurs in Talas
Alatau, Western Tien Shan (mountains Kazygurt, range of mountains Ugam, Karzhantau). Occurs under the canopy of the forest, thickets, on rocky slopes and in river valleys.

6. Juglans regia L. - Relic of the Tertiary (Neogene) mesophytic deciduous forests. A tree 20-25 m tall and 1.5 m in diameter with a spherical crown. In Kazakhstan, there is only a fraction of the species range, which occupies the extreme southern part of the country (in the western Tien Shan -range of mountains Karzhantau, Ugam). It occurs singly, in groups or original forms mixed stands with Malus, Primus, Crataegus. It grows on hillsides and in mountain river valleys, ravines, where the rich humus soil.

7. Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. - Relic of xerophytic woodlands Paleogene. Mezokserofitic deciduous Derova 8-14 (16) m tall. Distributed in the mountains and Junggar Trans-Ili Alatau, Ketmen Ridge, in the Kirghiz and Talas Alatau. In the West Tien Shan - Mts. Ugam, Karzhantau. It grows mostly singly, on rocky slopes in mountain river valleys at an altitude of 900-1900 m above sea level. From the local Tien Shan apricot (apricot) is allocated a lot of forms that deserve special attention for the selection of works (Vintergoller, 1984).

8. Crataegus pontica C. Koch. - Relic of xerophytic woodlands Paleogene.
Xerophytic deciduous letnozelenoe Derova to 4-8 m tall.
It occurs in Karatau, the Talas Alatau, Western Tien-Shan: Karzhantau,
Kazygurt Ugam, gorge. Burgulyuk. There is a growing single trees or
small groves (forests) in dry stony and less clayey slopes, screes, among the rocks, as well as the rocky banks of mountain rivers.

In the South Kazakhstan is a typical representative of sparse xerophytic communities that usually accompany the relic plants: Malus sieversii, Celtis caucasica, Pistasia vera, Amygdalus, etc.

9. Pyrus regelii Rehd. - Relic of the Paleogene of the Central Asian subtropical
savannah. Low xerophytic tree or shrub. In Kazakhstan
found in the Chu-Ili mountains, Kirghiz and Talas Alatau, Karatau. In
Western Tien-Shan: Kazygurt Karzhantau, I din. It grows singly or in
groups on dry rocky slopes of the foothills and mountains, and valleys.
Pyrus regelii is the most drought-resistant kind of wild pear.
10. Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. - Relic of mesophytic deciduous
Oligocene forests. Mesophytic tree from 2 to 12 m in height.
On the territory of the republic apple Sievers found in the mountains Tarbagatai, Junggar, Zaili, TalasskogoAlatau and Karatau. In the Western Tien-Shan: hr.Karzhantau, gorge. Kaskasu, Sayramsu, Saryaygyr, Burgulyuk, xp. Ugam, mountains Kazygurt. It grows on hillsides and in valleys and on the bottoms of canyons. Individual apple trees are found on dry southern slopes.
11. Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck. - Relic mesophyllic forest flora Oligocene. Very rare, almost endemic, endangered species, with little strength. Xerophilous tree, 5-8 m in height. Necessary to make a record of all known locations. In the western Tien Shan (range of mountains Karzhantau, Ugam).

12. Pistasia vera L. - Relic of the Tertiary (Paleogene), the subtropical
xerophytic woodlands and savannas. Kseromezofitnoe small tree with
a dense spreading crown.

In Kazakhstan, the pistachio is found in the extreme south, in the mountains of Karatau. The most northern location of the relic is in the Kirghiz Alatau. In the western Tien Shan (range of mountains Karzhantau) Pistasia vera creates a sparse mixed stands with xerophytic trees (Crataegus pontica, Pyrus regelii, Acer semenovii, Celtis caucasica) and shrubs (Spiraea hypericifolia, Amygdalus petunnikowii), etc.

13. Moms alba L. - Relic of the Tertiary deciduous forests. Mulberry
tree or mulberry, known in Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan since
ancient and widely cultivated for sericulture. This tree 15-20 m tall,
with very dense spreading crown.

In Kazakhstan, the white mulberry is found in the Syr Darya Karatau and in the western part of the Trans-Ili Alatau. In the western Tien Shan (Kazygurt, range of mountains Karzhantau, Ugam, gorge. Saryaygyr). Its plantations are confined exclusively to the river valleys and represent a kind of gallery-forest. Thanks to the good wetting mulberry attains a large size and has a mighty crown.

Literature

1.Bykov, BA Geobotany dictionary. publ. second. Alma-Ata, 1973.

2. Vintergoller BA Relics around us. Almaty, "Kynar", 1984.

3. LyashchenkoN.V. Objectives of decorative endemics / /Guard of flora in Kazakhstan. Almaty, 1979.