Abdrasilova Korlan
Undergraduate degree student, Kazakh National
Pedagogical University named after Abay
Objectives of systemic lexicography
The
scientific term "lexicography" has been used not for long; different
factors were influenced to its conception, including the development of
linguistics and lexicology. Yuri Apresyan compares between the semantics and lexicography
in his writings: "Lexicography requires, firstly, the answer to the
question of what words mean. Meanwhile, theoretical semantics of the previous
era worked almost exclusively on the question of how words mean."
For
this reason, semantics and lexicography has long developed independently of
each other. As the L.Scherba, "Linguistics of 19th century, fascinated
by the discoveries of Bonn, Grim, Rusk, and others, as a rule, was not interested
in the theory of lexicography" [L. Scherba, 1940]. However, in general,
for linguistics of 20th century is characterized the development of counter-semantics
and lexicography, as reflected in the works of such distinguished linguists as
they were L.Scherba, Sh.Balli, E.Sepir, K.Edman, J.Firth, V.Vinogradov
[Apresyan Y, 1995]. The concept of lexicography associated with the
process of writing, editing and compiling dictionaries: «Lexicography -
the writing, editing, or compiling of dictionaries; the principles and
procedures involved in writing, editing, or compiling dictionaries.»;
«Lexicography - the act of writing dictionaries» [website «Dictionary»].
Soviet
academician L.Scherba has a serious, scientific approach to the dictionary
writing, in the preface to the Russian-French dictionary (1936) he writes:
"I think it is very wrong to neglect our qualified linguists for dictionary
work, through which almost none of them had it not involved (in the old times, it
made for a pittance casual fans who did not have any special
training) and through which it has received such
a ridiculous name of "compilation" of dictionaries. Indeed,
our linguists, and even more our
"compilers" dictionary views that this works should
have a scientific nature and does not consist of a mechanical comparison
of some ready-made elements. "Proponents of this view consider lexicography
as an independent scientific discipline, which has the object of
study, its scientific principles, its own theoretical perspective.
The
emergence of theoretical lexicography is accompanied by generalizing the
theoretical work, such as:"The experience of the general theory
of lexicography" L.Scherby, "Lexicography of English Language", L.Stupina,
"Lexicology and Lexicography," V.Vinogradov, «Manual of
Lexicography» L.Zgusta. Theoretical lexicography is developing
in different directions. Educational, scientific and technical lexicography formed as
a theoretical discipline in the 70's and 80's.of the 20th
century. To date, there is generalizing basic
research in these areas. Scientific and
technical lexicography, theoretical basis of which was a
very young branch of linguistics - terminology, was represented
not only functional collections of articles, "The issue
of definitions in dictionaries of different types"
(1976), "Theory and practice of scientific and technical lexicography"
(1988), but monographs of A.Gerd, S Grinev, J.Marchuk. Responding to
the needs of today, there are new sections of lexicography.
Information
processes have accelerated the establishment of various methods that
facilitate the speedy assimilation of language features (such as information
retrieval thesauri). The theoretical generalization of the
construction of thesaurus type dictionaries resulted in fundamental works
on ideography: "General and Russian ideography" [Karaulov J, 1976],
"Linguistic designing and a thesaurus of literary language" [Karaulov
J, 1981], "Ideographic dictionaries" [Morkovkin V, 1970].
The
need in dictionaries of training type stimulated the appearance of
lexicography, theoretical foundations which are set out in such large publications
as "Essays on Russian lexicology and educational lexicography" [Denisov
P, 1974] and "Fundamentals of the theory of educational
lexicography" [Morkovkin V, 1990].
The
rapid development of practical lexicography, noted in recent
decades in many countries due to factors such as scientific and technical
revolution and an information "explosion", the expansion of contacts
in the humanities, the functioning of some languages as a means of international
communication, scientific description and the normalization of the language, improve
the culture of speech. There is a growing social importance of dictionaries,
since they not only capture the totality of knowledge, which disposes the
society in this era, but also serve as a reliable tool of modern scientific
knowledge.
With
the development of computer technology are created computer-generated dictionaries,
as well as a variety of electronic dictionaries and glossaries, which are
created by both professionals and amateurs, put their case to the glossary on
the web server computer networks. Evolving, lexicography at a faster pace seizes
the new technology and techniques of compiling dictionaries are used by people of
different social and intellectual level, creating the new type of dictionary,
namely, an informal glossary.
Summarizing,
we note that the modern term "lexicography" means,
first, science, special area of linguistics which studies the principles
of compiling dictionaries of various types, and secondly, the practice of
compiling dictionaries, and thirdly, a set of language-specific dictionaries.
References
1. Apresyan Y. Selected Works / A.Apresyan. -
Moscow School "Languages of Russian Culture",
1995. - B. - T II. Integral description of the
language and systemic lexicography. - 767 p.
2. Denisov P. Essays on Russian lexicology in
academic lexicography. - Moscow: MGU, 1974.
3. Morkovkin V. Basic theory of educational
lexicography: Thesis for the degree of Doctor of
Philology. - M., 1990.
4. ScherbaL. The experience of the general theory
of lexicography / / language system and speech activity. -
L., 1974.
5. . http://teneta.rinet.ru/rus/le/lexica_op_leksikografia.htm D.E.Rozental,