Doctor of Technical Sciences V.M. Kurganov
Tver State University, Russia
Candidate of Technical Sciences M.V. Gryaznov
Magnitogorsk State Technical University named after of
G.I. Nosov, Russia
Terminology in the sphere of providing of
transport systems and transportation processes dependability
Abstract
Communication of the key terms used for the analysis of dependability of
transport process is designated. Legitimacy of use concept of dependability,
with reference to transport process and transport system is proved. The
analysis of terms “transport process
"," transportation process "," process of transportations
"," delivery process »in which result it is proved is carried out
that from a position of dependability maintenance they are identical. The contents of the terms "risk",
"safety" and "dependability" that allowed to formulate
definition of " management
dependability of transport process."
Keywords:
Dependability of transport process, transport system, transportation
process, risk, safety, management dependability.
The guarantee of transport process observance parameters in modern conditions
becomes more and more important for all its participants and consequently r dependability
more often becomes item of issue at the conclusion of contracts on transportation.
The basic economic sense of cargoes or passengers delivery maintenance dependability
consists in excluding or at least to minimize losses of transport process participants,
owing to default by someone from them treaty obligations.
The theory of transport process
dependability only develops now. Therefore there is no common formulation which
would be exhaustively defined what is the of transport process dependability. Has not
yet ways of an estimation of transportations dependability and methods management
of transportation dependability. The part of conclusions and statements are
based on more detailed study of topics in dependability theory, in particular
theories of technical systems dependability. Therefore in such conditions a
variety and discrepancy of sights on methodical and terminological of the
decision this problem is quite natural.
With reference to delivery of cargoes, dependability of transportation
process by authors means a complex characteristic which includes observance of
the requirements between customer and transporting cargo quantity and
condition, compliance schedule of the transport process and the ability of the
transport system to the maintenance and restoration of a given level of
transport service. Failure in relation to the transport system which is carrying out delivery
of cargoes can be defined as failure to comply with the agreed requirements with
the customer transporting cargo quantity and(or) condition and(or) violation of the time parameters of the order
(orders) for transportation.
Thereupon there is variety of questions. Some
of them may seem at first sight the simple. But answers to these questions aren't so obvious. It is
preliminary necessary to consider, how much legitimate to speak about dependability
of transport process and whether is dependability property of transport system rather
than the process itself ? If we turn to State Standard 51006-96 «Transport services.
Terms and definitions» there is given the following definition: «deliability of transport service: ensemble
of the executor transport services characteristics to warrant the provision to
their consumers in the set volumes and quality during specific time » [1]. This definition in State Standard 51006-96, unfortunately, is not exhaustive and
requires reprocessing. It excludes from the environment to ensure the dependability
those factors which depend not on a carrier (the executor of transport
service), and from its partners (for example shippers and consignees). For
example, cargo damage in transportation and reduce the dependability of delivery
can occur not by a carrier, and due to poor-quality packing of cargo or infringement of requirements on
cargo fastening in a vehicle body. According to current regulatory documents,
the consignor answers of it.
Shippers, consignees together with carriers and other
participants of delivery are elements of transport system. However this
transport system seldom has accurate localization, organizational, legal and
technological unity of it’s system. Not always possible in each specific case
to outline borders of transport system. The stages of transport process
realization is always clearly defined technologically and organizationally. To
estimate whether this or that system possesses dependability it is possible only
in dynamics, in the process of its functioning. It is impossible to define dependability
of the system if it is in a static. Dependability of transport system can be
shown only at realization of transport process.
Therefore it is legitimacy to speak about dependability
of transport system, and about dependability of its functioning process. Using
the concept dependability of the system doesn't exclude possibility of using
the concept of process dependability. Dependable transport process is such
process in which reliability of transport system is shown.
The potential of transport system dependability is
realized directly during transportation from what follows that is well-founded
to consider and estimate reliability not only the system, but also the process
of its functioning. The result of functioning system process is the made production, one of which categories are
services (for example, transportations) that is fixed in State Standard ISO 9000-2008 [2]. The term «reliability of transport service»,entered
State Standard 51006-96, hence, assumes to estimate is how much dependable «
process of providing transport services to consumers, according to the
established norms and requirements »[1].
Among experts such terms, as «transport
process», «transportation process», «process of transportations», «delivery
process» and others are used. Whether it is possible to consider these terms as
synonyms, or it is necessary to consider the maintenance of these terms
various? Accordingly, how much correctly to speak about reliability in a
combination to the specified terms?
State standard
51006-96 «Transport services. Terms and definitions.» doesn't contain
definitions of the specified terms. In such standard documents as the Civil
code, Rules of cargoes automobile transportations, the Charter of automobile
transport and city land electric transport also are absent definitions of these
concepts.
With reference to a railway transport there is a
concrete definition the standard document that it is necessary to understand as
transportation process. The federal law «About the federal railway
transportation» provides following definition of transportation process:
«ensemble of organizational and technologically interconnected actions and
operations which are carried out by the enterprises and other divisions of the
railways by preparation, realization and end of passengers, cargoes,
cargo-luggage and luggage transportations».
To clear a situation with definition of the specified
terms in sphere of automobile transportations it is advisable to address to the
academic literature as in statutory acts necessary formulations are absent. In L.L.Afanaseva and S.M.Tsukerberga's classical
textbook contains the following definition: « Transport process is a process of cargoes or
passengers moving, including all preparatory and final operations: preparation of
cargoes, their loading and unloading (landing and disembarkation of passengers),
receipt of cargoes, giving of vehicles, etc. As a result of transport process
passengers or cargoes are transported on certain distance » [3]. that it is necessary to understand as process of
transportations, it is possible to find in the modern textbook « Cargo automobile transportations
», written by a team of authors consisting of: A.V.Velmozhin, V.A.Gudkov,
L.B.Mirotin, А.V. Kulikov: «Transportation
process – ensemble of operations from the moment of cargo preparation to departure
till the moment of cargo reception the consignee, connected with cargo moving
to space without change of geometrical forms, the sizes and physical and
chemical properties of cargo» [4]. The authors
include following stages in process of transportations: preparation of cargo
for transportation, process of cargo accumulation to the necessary amount,
loading process, transportation process, paperwork process, process of
unloading and cargo warehousing. Thus, the analysis of available definitions,
both transport process and transportation process has shown that by consideration
of questions of cargoes delivery dependability it is lawful to use both of these
terms.
To concept of dependability concepts of risk and
safety are allied. To define the relationship between these concepts it is
advisable to apply to the existing normative literature, primarily to domestic
and international standards.
The term "risk" is defined as a combination
(ratio) of the event probability and its consequences [5,
6]. Since this term usually use only when there is a possibility of
negative consequences it is also defined as a combination of the drawing damage
probability and severity of this damage [7]. The
damage in State Standard 51898-2002 is understood as drawing of physical damage
or other harm to health of people, either harm to estate or environment [7]. With reference to safety management of deliveries
chains the maintenance of the term "risk" is considerably narrowed. State
Standard R 53661-2009 (ISO 28004:2006) defines risk as probability of the
illegal intervention certificate realization and its consequence [8].
Safety is the absence of inadmissible risk that is it reach
by reducing the risk to the admissible. The admissible risk represents optimum
balance between safety and requirements with which should satisfy production,
process or service and also such factors as profitability for the user,
efficiency of expenses, customs, etc. [7]. When
it is a question of deliveries chains in this case the definition of safety has
its own peculiarity. It is understood as resistance of the deliberate act of
unlawful interference, calculated on drawing
of harm or a damage of deliveries chain or by means of deliveries chain [8, 9].
The concept of dependability began to be used in a
science and practice earlier than concepts of risk and safety. If we turn to definition
of dependability in the technique the Russian standard of State Standard 27.002-89 «Dependability
technics: Terms and definitions» defines it as «property of the object to keep
in time in the established limits value of all parameters characterizing
ability to carry out demanded functions in set modes and conditions of application,
maintenance operation, repairs, storages and transportations » [10]. Dependability, according to it State Standard
is complex property which depending on appointment of the object and conditions
of its application can include reliability, durability, maintainability and
storability or certain combinations of these properties. Other Russian State
Standard modified in relation to international standard IEC 60300-2:2004,
provides a slightly other definition: « Dependability: properties of readiness and properties
of its reliability, maintainability and availability of maintenance operation
and repair ». The term availability is used only to describe the general
properties of non-quantitative availabilities [11].
Thus, the analysis of the Russian and international
standards has shown that if under risk to understand possibility of the
negative phenomena (probability of a damage drawing) in the course of system
functioning management of risks can be directed both on safety and on dependability
maintenance. In this case it is possible that the operation of the system will
not meet the criteria of dependability due to the fact that it is not provided
with the given parameters of operation, but it will be safe because it will not
pose a threat to human health and damage to property or the environment will be
within acceptable limits. Approximately such understanding of the relations
between categories of risk, safety and dependability which as a whole doesn't
contradict standards in this sphere, has been generated during discussion in a
lobby of conference DR-LOG 2011 in Bremen one of the authors of this report
with professor А.G. Nekrasov who throughout a
number of years specializes on safety issues of deliveries chains [12 – 15].
It is advisable to determine the content and mechanism of management dependability
of the transportation process. For this purpose it is possible to consider that
in itself includes management dependability of technical objects: «ensemble of
the organizational and scientific and technical measures directed on ensuring, maintaining
and growth of the objects dependability» [16].
The definition structure «management dependability of technical object» is shown
in figure.
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|
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Figure – The structure of definition «management
dependability of technical object» |
By analogy to the definition presented above it is possible to consider
that management reliability of transport
process provides realization of the measures to ensure dependability of
transportation process at established level, its maintenance in the set limits
and increase to the level coordinated between the customer and the executor of
transport service. For a carrier the purpose of management reliability of
transportation process is to maintain its competitiveness.
Библиографический список:
1. ГОСТ Р 51006-96. Услуги транспортные. Термины и определения.
2.
ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008.
Системы менеджмента качества. Основные положения и словарь (ISO 9000:2005 "Quality
management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary").
3. Афанасьев Л.Л., Цукерберг С.М. Автомобильные
перевозки, М.: Транспорт, 1973.
4. Грузовые автомобильные перевозки / А.В.Вельможин,
В.А.Гудков, Л.Б.Миротин, А.В.Куликов. М.: Гор линия – Телеком, 2006.
5. ГОСТ Р 51897 – 2002. Менеджмент риска. Термины и определения.
Разработан с учетом положений Руководства ИСО/МЭК 73:2002 «Управление риском.
Словарь. Руководящие указания по использованию в стандартах».
6. ГОСТ 51901-2002 Управление надежностью Анализ риска
технологических систем (гармонизирован с международным стандартом МЭК
60300-3-9:1995 «Dependability Management — Part 3: Application guide — section
9: Risk analysis of technological systems» — «Управление надежностью. Часть. 3.
Руководство по применению. Раздел 9. Анализ риска технологических систем»).
7. ГОСТ 51898-2002. Аспекты безопасности. Правила
включения в стандарты (Подготовлен с учетом ИСО/МЭК 51:1999. «Аспекты
безопасности. Руководящие указания по включению их в стандарты»).
8.
ГОСТ Р 53661-2009 (ИСО
28004:2006). Система менеджмента безопасности цепи поставок. Руководство по
внедрению. ISO 28004:2006. Security management
systems for the supply chain - Guidelines for the implementation of ISO/PAS
28000.
9.
ГОСТ Р 53663-2009 (ИСО
28000:2005). Система менеджмента безопасности цепи поставок. Требования. ISO 28000:2005.
Specification for security management system for the supply chain (MOD).
10. ГОСТ
27.002-89. Надежность в технике: Термины и определения.
11.
ГОСТ Р 51901.3-2007. Менеджмент риска.
Руководство по менеджменту надежности (модифицирован по отношению к
международному стандарту МЭК 60300-2:2004 Менеджмент надежности. Часть 2. Руководство по менеджменту надежности IEK 60300-2:2004
Dependability management. Part 2. Guidelines for dependability management).
12. Некрасов А.Г., Некрасова М.А. Безопасность и
управление интегрированным риском в цепях поставок. Динамика и устойчивость в
международной логистике и управлении цепями поставок. Доклады 6-ой
немецко-русской конференции по логистике и SCM DR-LOG 2011 в Бремене. Издательство
Кувиллир, Геттинген, 2011. С. 336 – 343.
13. Некрасов А.Г.,
Атаев К.И., Некрасова М.А. Управление процессами безопасности и риска в цепях
поставок: учебн.-методич. пособие. – М.: Изд-во «Техполиграфцентр», 2011. – 120
с.
14. Управление
процессами в транспортных логистических системах: учеб. пособие /В.М. Беляев,
Л.Б. Миротин, А.Г. Некрасов, А.К. Покровский; под общ. ред. А.Г. Некрасова;
МАДИ. – М., 2011. – 127 с.
15. Некрасов А.Г.
Основы менеджмента безопасности цепей поставок: учеб. пособие /А.Г. Некрасов. –
МАДИ. – М., 2011. – 130 с.
16. ГОСТ 27.001-95. Надежность в технике. Основные
положения.