Экономические науки/10.Экономика
предприятия
Shishkina
J.E., Sorokina L.I.
D. Serikbaev East Kazakhstan Government Technical
University
The analysis of the current state of small and medium businesses in the
Republic of Kazakhstan
The
decisive factor in stimulating economic growth of any country, especially in
the post-crisis period, is a private enterprise. Kazakhstan since the first
days of its independence has been focused on the creation of a market economy
based on the protection of private property rights and the full support of
entrepreneurship. Carrying out of focused and coherent policy for supporting of
small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and creating favorable conditions for their
development is a priority of the government's economic policy of Kazakhstan. In
general, among the measures taken by the State to support and create favorable
conditions for the development of businesswe can enumerate: simplified business
registration procedures, reduction of taxes, legalization of property and
assets, simplifying administrative procedures and resolutions; protection from
bureaucratic barriers, improving access to credit and other resources.
We
are estimating the dynamics of active and registered SMEs for the period from
2008 to 2012.
The
growth rate of active and registered SMEs by 2008 had almost identical values
and averaged 12-13% per a year. In 2009, the number of registered SMEs in
general fell sharply for 8.9% in compare with the previous year, the number of
active SMEsdeclined for 6.3%. In 2010, the growth rate of registered SMEs
declined slightly in compare with 2009, while the number of active SMEs-
increased for 28%. Positive trends of 2010 were continued in 2011. The growth
rate of the number of active SMEs in 2011 amounted 27.9% in compare with the
same period of the previous year, the growth rate of registered SMEs decreased
to 15.6%. This was the result due to the measures taken by the State in
facilitating the SMEsregistration procedures. In 2012 in compare with 2011 the
number of the registered SMEs had fallen for 3.8% and of the active onesfor
12.6%. In absolute terms, the number of active SMEs in 2010 was increased for
30% in compare with 2008 and amounted to 662 thousand units. The share of
active SMEs in the total number of registered SMEs decreased from 68% in 2008
to 55% in 2010. In 2011, the number of active SMEs totaled
846 thousand units, while their share in the total number of registered SMEs
accounted for 56%. The number of active SMEs in 2012 amounted to 740 thousand
units.
We
characterize the structure of the active SMEs on organizational and legal
forms. The structure of active SMEs by legal forms of entities dominated by
conducting activities in the form of an individual - it's private entrepreneurs,
the number of which in 2012 amounted to 527.9 million units or 70% of the total
number of active SMEs. The number of peasant farms (KFH) was 164.7 thousand, or
22%, and legal entities - SMEs - 62.9 thousand subjects, or 8% of the total
number of active SMEs.
Perform
the comparison of indicators of development of the SME sector in Kazakhstan
with other countries. The place and role of small and medium-sized enterprises
in the economy is determined by its function and a real contribution to society.
Private enterprise is the "cornerstone of development" of economic
processes and sustainable development in most developed countries. Of
particular importance is the ability of SMEs to develop and implement
innovations that have become a crucial tool compete in global markets. For
example, in the EU, U.S., Japan share of innovative enterprises is about 40% of
the total number of SMEs.
Comparative
analysis of the development of the SME sector in Kazakhstan and other countries
are showing a noticeable lag RK on indicators such as the SME contribution to
GDP and employment. In world practice, operates a huge number of small and
medium-sized companies and enterprises. For example, in the U.S., the EU
operates more than 20 million companies in China, there are about 40 million
small and medium-sized enterprises, while in Kazakhstan them 20 times less (1.2
million registered businesses). However, when compared to remember whether
there is any specific features of the development of private enterprise in
various countries due to the historical and cultural traditions, levels of
economic development, as well as the legal and institutional environment to
support the SME sector in a given country. The share of the annual production
volume of SMEs in the United States, the European Union and Asia (China) is
from 52% to 67%. In Kazakhstan, the value of this indicator is almost 2 times
lower, at 32%, even lower than the share of output of SMEs in Russia - 17%.
In
foreign countries, SMEs represent a major area of employment, contributing to
the development of innovative capacity of the economy. Indicator of the share
of employees in small and medium-sized companies in developed countries, as
well as in Russia is about 50-75% of the economically active population. In
Kazakhstan, the share of the population employed in the sector of SMEs in total
employment is also much lower than in developed countries: in 2012 this figure
reached 31%. At the same time, the prevalence proportion of SME enterprises in
the total number of enterprises in Kazakhstan is 95%, and almost reached the
average value of the same indicator, which is 98-99%.
To
some extent, modest compared with developed countries the contribution of small
and medium-sized enterprises of Kazakhstan in the production of value-added and
job creation due to the current sectoral structure of production, which in turn
is determined by the availability of natural resources, technology and
production scale. Comparative lagging indicators of economic and social
efficiency of SMEs in Kazakhstan from economically developed countries shows a
great potential for further development of domestic entrepreneurship. By
industry, the SME sector in Kazakhstan also has some differences from the
developed countries. If SMEs in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the main
function, as noted earlier, in the wholesale and retail trade - the proportion
is 41%, and agriculture - 26%, while in developed countries the structure of
SMEs by sector looks different. In the U.S. it is obvious predominance of the service
sector (58%), more than 20% of small businesses operating in the field of
construction and trade, while in the industry employs only 2% of small
businesses. In the EU, as the largest number of SMEs are concentrated in the
service sector - 23%, at the same time in the construction industry and
commerce - 33% and in industry employs 7%. In Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan,
the largest share in the structure of the SME sector is the trade sector, while
agriculture accounts for less than 3% of SMEs and in the industry - 16%. Thus,
a characteristic feature of the industrial structure of SMEs in Kazakhstan in
comparison with other countries, it is an agricultural service-oriented. In
this regard, the question remains of diversification of the SME sector. It
should be noted that the task of increasing the number of people employed in
the SME sector and its share in GDP of the country can not be solved by
individual point measures not related to the structural changes of the economic
system. Requires a global rethinking of the whole economic paradigm, where the
main engine of the economy would be determined by the small and medium
business. Accordingly, one of the key objectives is to create a competitive
environment and a favorable business climate. An important component of the
success of these reforms is the need to change society's attitude towards
entrepreneurship. At the regional level should be an in-depth study of regional
economies, to identify their competitive niches and opportunities that can boost
the efficiency of public support to private enterprise.
In
order to improve the innovation system of Kazakhstan is necessary to make a
fundamental emphasis on innovation, including through the formation of the
state order for innovative products and to attract highly qualified personnel
for the development and implementation of new ideas in various areas of the
economy.
Literature:
1
Sabden OS, Toksanova AN Managing small business: theory and practice. - Astana
Elorda, 2006
2
Entrepreneurship: A Textbook for high schools. Ed. prof. VJ Gorfinkel, prof. GB
Pole, prof. VA Shvandar. - M. Banks and Exchange, 2009
3
Mamyrov NK "Principles of Entrepreneurship", Almaty, Economics, 2006
4
Data of the Statistics Agency (www.stat.gov.kz).