Bolat Ergali, senior lecture
The Kostanai State University after A. Baitursynov
Postharvest
processing of grain
Grain in the form
in which it is delivered from harvesters, only in rare cases it is clean enough
in order to be stored or to further processing and use. Therefore, the bulk of
the grain heap requires urgent cleaning. You can use ¬ grain cleaning machines
and grain cleaning - drying systems, their cost is approximately equal to the price
of 1400 t of grain. So many farms have to resort to monopoly market service.
While small and
medium-sized farms can use previously developed relatively cheap for cleaning
grain and seeds. Their difference is new highly effective principle of
separation, bringing into exploitation
and usage, low cost price, simplicity andreliability of operating. They
differ from the traditional airily-sieve machines on the mode of operating and
processing technology.
In a typical
cleansing machine working part is flatsieve with round or straightbreakdown
apertures. The corresponding number of sievesarranged into oscillating mill, purged by airflow. Each sieve is cleared
from the bottom bymoving brushes. Two
drawbacks of this method are characterized by: partitions between the sieves
restrain their throughput capacity,
moving sieves and facilities for cleaning often damage grains and seed . In classicalseeds cleaning
machine of airly-sieve principle of operating, working parts comprise only 5 -
10% of the machineweight. This
determines its high cost.
The second method
of grain masscleaning- free movement
under the influence of gravity happens
through the system of bent according to
the certain radius combs in the form
of parallel formed rods. The distance between the rods is determined by the grain size of cleaned crop
culture.
Farms need
storages withsufficient capacity for raw materials and finished products. For
this purpose, we mainly use reinforced concrete silage corps and warehouses of
floor type. Butreinforced concrete silage corpshave high specific consumption
of materials and costs. It takes much time to build them and there is no
guarantee of quality and safety of products.
Floor warehouses
are cheaper, but require large areasand , as a rule, do not have full
mechanization of unloading , aeration
systems are ineffective because of the " dead " zones.
Furthermore,
there are losses which occur while storing because of insufficient protection
from weather conditions and rodents. In overseas, and recently in domestic
practice there have been started using of metal silage storage and
warehouse floor type.
Metal – can be
produced not only forgrain storing, but also mealy and hard-runningproducts.
Aeration of
storedproduct allows not only to provide possible temperature, but also to
reduce its humidity content. It is possible to store in hypoxic gas environment.
Selection of
drying machines for farms should be based on zonal conditions and the kind of
processed grains.
In husbandries of
grain direction it is necessary to have mills. The calculation is simple: the
implementation ofproduced grain in the form of flour at leastincreases its
price at to times, and if we have a bakery , the profitability of farming will
be doubled. There is no profit in the present state of thegrain market. Only
its processing can provide high profitability of the farm. The same applies to
other farms direction( meat, milk, etc.): It is advisable to organize processing of poultry, fish , milk,
sunflower, buckwheat and other raw materials on the place where it is
cultivated or bred.
Grain humidity
- a parameter which determines the ripeness of corn, consequently,
terms and methods of harvesting (separate or direct combining ), modes
of harvesting and processing equipment, short and long term of
cornstorage. Humidity content - one of the most important parameters of
quantitative calculation of production. Information about corn humidity
influence on corn production
effectiveness. Immediate
estimation ofdifferentcrops ripening in each field, we can calculate necessary
power andharvesters maneuvering, to provide harvesting in optimal periods.
The researchers
found that the optimal corn humidity limit for threshing (minimal damage) -
between 12 - 14 % and 21 - 23 %. It is known that the intensity of humidity
limit with minimal damage corresponds to highest germinating capacity of seeds.
To reduce
mechanical damage of corn it is necessary to set the working elements and
regulatethe mode of harvesters operation considering corn humidity, in
particular, its changes during 24 hours. Changes can be significant.
Premature mowing
leads not only to the damage increase, but also to the puny corn characterized
with low volumetric mass. Up-to-date information on its humidity gives the
opportunity to start harvesting wheat, rye, oats and triticale in the optimal
periods of time, which leads to the increase of corn harvest at 0.7 ... 1.6 cwt / ha.
Reference
1. «Àãðàðíûé Ñåêòîð», ¹ 4 (9), journal,
September-October,2011 ãîä.
2. Õðàíåíèå çåðíà è çåðíîâûõ ïðîäóêòîâ. Translated from English. Moscow. 1978