Bolat Ergali, senior lecture

Spring colza

The Kostanai State University after A. Baitursynov

Its seeds are an important source of receiving cheap vegetable oil and high-protein forage. They contain 40 - 48 % oil, 20 - 22 % protein, 6 - 7% cellulose and 24 - 26% nitrogen-free extractive substances. In one kilogram of seeds - 1.9 - 2.0 forage units. Rapeseed oil, refers to a group of food, it is used in its natural form as salad oil, or in the composition of cooking fats and margarine, as well as for technical purposes.

Rapeseed oilcake - a high-protein animal forage. It can be added to in the diet of fattening pigs in - up to 15%, broilers - up to 20 dairy cows and calves to 25 %, hen-layers - up to 25 %. Protein which is contained in the composition of the oilcake is balanced according to the amino acid composition and contains an increased number of major amino acids - methionine and cystine, has a large amount of lysine.

This culture is also cultivated for green forage and silage. At spring sowing in mixtures with barley, oats, spring rape enriches green mass with protein. At the period summer sowing (June - July), spring rape gives high harvest of green mass.

Oil belongs to the group of the top dietary fats and comprises about 78% of physiologically beneficial oleic and linoleic fatty acids.

The cultivation of rape for oilseeds winter and spring grain are best precursors. Rape cannot be placed to the same field earlier than after 4 - 5 years, as well as after other crops of the cabbage genus in order to avoid the accumulation of pests and diseases agents.

Rape is a good precursor for grain and forage crops. It performs the sanitation role in crops rotation, reduces affection of barley, wheat by root rot, contributes to the improvement of soil structure and its fertility.

For rape it is necessary to admeasure levelled, having a slight slope fields. We cannot allow seeding on the overwetting plots and with deposit of ground water.

Depending on the precursors autumn cultivation may be different. After harvesting grain crops it is necessary to remove the stubbles with disking to 8 ... 10 cm in depth, followed by ploughing of the field with colters to a depth of an arable layer after the appearance of young crops.

In spring upon the occurrence of soil physical maturity it is conducted disking or cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, enter fertilizers, herbicides , and then start preparing the soil for sowing. One of the main conditions for receiving big seed crop is careful presowing preparation of the soil because rape has small seeds (weight of 1000 seeds is 3.5 ... 4.5 g), they are sown into the soil to a depth of 2 to 3 cm ... .

Presowing cultivation is carried out immediately before sowing to a depth of 6 ... 8 cm, followed by levelling and packing.

Spring rape during vegetation expends nutrients more than wheat. It needs 60 kg of nitrogen, 40 ... 60 kg phosphorus and 60... 90 kg of potassium.

Optimal rape sowing period for seeds is the end of April, the first decade of May. Sowing in later periods (after 20 – 25 of May) leads to the decrease seed harvest from 5 till 8cwt/ha and in some years, such crops do not reach full maturity.

Great damage to the seed of spring rape is caused by rape weevil. To protect against weevil we use the same preparations as for struggle against cruciferous flea beetles. Crops are treated in the budding phase before flowering, not to kill bees and other useful insects, because rape is a good honey plant. Spring rape seeds are harvested by usual combines them with required equipment and with adaption PKK -5 for threshing of lot microspermae and cereal crops, this allows to reduce loss of harvest and crushing.

For seeds drying it is better to use floor dryers, ventilated bunkers. Low temperature of heat- transfer at seed humidity up to 16 % should not exceed 25 - 37 °, and at seed humidity content more than 16 % - not more than 30 °. Rape seeds is well stocked at 8 - 10% humidity.

Due to uneven ripening and wide variation of harvest humidity (during 24 hours), it is important to have monitoring device hygrometer to determine the humidity content of the grain when it is delivered from harvesters. It is designed to provide control over humidity content of grain, seeds of cereals, legumes and fodder crops in the process of harvesting, afterharesting processing and storage. Humidity from 6 to 43% is measured by dielcometric method with automatic compensation of temperature and density of the material. Error of measurement is in the range of 23% and doesn’t exceed 0.8 %.

Along with the humidity hygrometer measures volumetric mass ( g / l) and the temperature of the grain sample.

Besides the controlled parameters it displays information on the status of the device, culture code, and power source condition. Self-diagnosis of the device for all measuring channels excludes errors in the measurements.

Reference

1. «Аграрный Сектор», № 3 (9), journal, September-October, 2011

2. Хранение зерна и зерновых продуктов. Translated from English. Moscow. 1978