Philological sciences /1. Methods of teaching language and literature

Zavitova T.Y.

Kostanay State University, Kazakhstan

Improving students’ reading skills through the use of different types of reading

What is reading? Few people asked this question seriously. After all, most of us commit this kind of cognitive activity almost unconsciously. Why is this happening? I think because most people start reading at an early age, almost no memory of how they learned to do.

Many linguistic scholars gave their definition of reading. For example, Klychnikova Z.N. considers that reading - it is "the process of perception and active processing of information graphically encoded with a particular language" [3]. E.N.Solovova gives her own definition: reading - it is "an independent kind of speech activity and means of formation related speech and language skills" [4].

Processes of perception and understanding are closely interrelated. Skills that provide these processes are divided into two groups:

1) technical reading skills;

2) skills semantic processing of perceived information.

The technical skills are usually attributed to the knowledge of sound-letters correspondences. Among speech skills one can distinguish articulation intonation.

There are several types of reading. Types of reading are included in this table can be essential.

(Table № 1) [1]

Parameters of distinction	Kind of reading
Under the form of reading	Reading about oneself		Reading aloud
By usage of logical operations	Analytical reading		Synthetic reading
By the depth of penetration into the content of the text	Intensive reading		Extensive reading
By target settings	Studying reading	Acquainting reading	Viewing reading	Searching reading
By levels of understanding	Complete / detailed understanding	Common / global understanding

If the basic information is intended to be extracted from the text with the degree of completeness of understanding within 70-75%, then apply an introductory reading. For this kind of reading longer texts are offered quite light linguistically, with a small amount of redundant information.

Searching reading involves finding specific information in the text. There may be a definition, conclusions, evidence, cross-cultural nature of the information, and more. Texts proposed for searching reading can be read in their entirety or in part, if the students know where the information of interest is.

It is characteristically for studying reading the achievement level of detailed and accurate understanding of the various facts contained in the text. This is a slower reading by time, since re-reading and translating is possible.

For high school students are recommended an introductory reading of the material of the scientific and popular character, as well as texts with professionally-oriented content.

It is good to make a searching reading. It is important that students have the skills of such reading. Conditions that determine the success of the searching reading are the following:

1) the availability of meaningful information;

2) conducting reading at a fast pace;

3) the use of extra-and cognitive supports text;

4) a reading from bulk texts in the form of reading about oneself.

What are the skills that students need to demonstrate? First, highlight information on a particular topic, secondly, to find the necessary facts, thirdly, classify information according to certain criteria, fourthly, to be able to navigate through the text; fifthly, to analyze proposals and whole paragraphs and in-sixth, find passages that require more detailed study.

Possession of searching reading is considered an important prerequisite for improving reading skills in a foreign language. To improve this skill is proposed holding exercises as follows:

• identify the topic / problem of the text;

• read the text, find out whether the issue is illuminated in the text;

• facts found in the text, confirming the correctness of the selected title;

• characteristics found in text effects, instructions, recommendations, etc;

• found in the text paragraphs addressing the topic;

• found in the text answers to these questions;

• reviewing the drawings, indicate the paragraphs to which they relate;

• divide the text into parts;

• entitle parts;

• express their own opinions about the read and more.

Reading as a form of communication, requires a lot of practice. The success of the text depends on the form of independent reading test. In the classroom the teacher is able to check and correct only a small proportion of phonetic errors. Therefore, control should be read in accordance with the communicative task, view and read the text character.

Searching reading is verified with the following exercises:

• list the main facts or data;

• put questions to the read;

• make a review of the text;

• compare the two texts on the same theme in order to find similarities and differences;

• make a partial translation.

The training of the professional-focused foreign language texts is applied by future profession. Therefore it is necessary to provide students with additional tasks to independent choice of specialty profile information from various articles, brochures, draw conclusions, classify and organize the material from multiple sources in accordance with the task.

Among the scholars who have studied various aspects of reading was M.West. He singled out two kinds of reading. One he called the supervisory and the other - searching. Searching reading is typical for experienced readers who do not read every word separately and cover the whole view of chunks of text. West highly appreciated this kind of reading, as having practical value to be forming in the first place. [2]

West considered the following rule to be important: "never allow the student to read without one way or another has not been checked for correct understanding of spoken words," [5].

For the formation of certain skills need training, exercise, practice. Learn to read well, you can only read - thought West. M.West system is intermediate between the direct and indirect methods of teaching foreign languages.

M.West - prominent Methodist and his name is associated primarily with the creation of the original system of teaching reading, which is often called the Reading Method.

Advancing as the main goal of learning and reading skills development path of mastering reading the spoken word, he offered a number of provisions justify this way.

According to M.West, the primary is the understanding, rather than an expression of thoughts. It is easier to read than to understand by ear. Reading has great practical significance. Mastering reading, the student feels rather their success. It is important that, feeling the progress the student showed great interest in learning. Teach reading easier than to teach speaking.

Russian scientist Methodist Solovova E.N. offers three stages of work with the text:

1) pre-text (step anticipation);

2) text;

3) post-text. [4]

Patricia Babbitt, the president of the Washington State Council of Teachers of English, a state leader for the National Council of Teachers of English, and a freelance writer and graphic design artist, also claims that reading activities can be divided into three categories, depending on when they take place.

Pre-reading: Collecting and defining vocabulary terms from the text will assist students in understanding words that otherwise may interrupt their reading. It will also help them increase their vocabulary in a meaningful, relevant way. Students can record the terms in a notebook or on flash cards. Another strategy involves having students preview comprehension questions so that they can focus on answering those questions as they read. [7]

Reading: Teachers can guide students' interaction with the text by asking questions about literary elements, having students present oral summaries of the plot, or asking them to collect details or write observations on post-it notes. If students have previewed comprehension questions, they can answer these questions as they read.

Post-reading: Summarizing is an effective strategy that can take many different forms.

Exercises performed on each of these steps help to improve reading skills. They provide a comprehensive revision and control of the material previously covered (lexical, grammatical, factual) motivate students to perform the following jobs, contribute to the removal of difficulties, and help the development of various types of reading.

Real art of reading involves the flexibility to read depending on the goals, objectives and nature of the text.

Reading makes a person knowledgeable conversation - resourceful, and the habit of recording - precise. This statement of Francis Bacon testifies in favor of reading. [5]

Modern pedagogy offers three levels of learning: acquisition of knowledge, formation of abilities and skills. To include specific knowledge related facts, a system of concepts, laws and regulations that reflect certain regularities in this domain, as well as theoretical generalizations and related terms and definitions. Under the ability to understand the practical actions that the student can make based on knowledge (e.g., the ability to read a foreign language becomes a source of new knowledge from the literature in that language). Skill - an action that is characterized by a high measure of development and implementation of the action itself becomes so automatic that conscious control over its implementation practically disappears.

The importance of reading is widely spoken about. Reading enriches the spiritual world of man. The importance of books conceived many years ago. Thousands of years ago were gathered huge libraries at Alexandria, the Vatican, in ancient Rome and in the monasteries of Western Europe. Even in ancient Russia there was a large library, started by Yaroslav the Wise. Pointing to the importance of books and reading came to us in the form the old Russian proverbs such as: "Who reads a lot, he knows a lot" or, for example, "The book is small, but the mind has given." From reading the books people have a lot of good.

First, the reading increases vocabulary. After reading a person gets sharper and clearer thinking. It helps to express his thoughts clearly. F. Walter said: "Reading without thinking says that you know a lot, and meaningful reading with reflections gives a clear idea of what it is not so". [6] In fact, when I read a work written a clear, understandable language, you feel it is easier to begin to express their thoughts, choose the right words.

Second, it is useful to read the books, because they contribute to human spiritual development. There are cases when people are reading a good book, acknowledged its influence on their inner world.

William Makepeace Thackeray, the great English writer, also points to the benefits of reading: "Reading is useful! Books enlighten the soul, raise and strengthen man, awaken in him the best aspirations, and bantered his mind and soften his heart "[5].

References

1. Galskova N.D., Gez N.I. Theory of learning foreign languages. Didactics and methodology: - 5th ed., Sr. - Moscow: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008.-336P.

2. Gez N.I., Frolova G.M. The history of foreign methods of teaching foreign languages. - Moscow: Publishing Center "Academy", 2008.-256p.

3. Klychnikova Z.I. Psychological features of teaching reading in a foreign language. - M., 1973, p.6.

4. Solovova E.N. Methodology of teaching foreign languages. - Moscow: AST: Astrel, 2009. – 238p.

5. http://www.wisdoms.ru

6. http://prikolnye-smeshnye.ru

7. http://www.phschool.com