Философские науки /2. Социальная философия

Karabayeva A.G.

Dr. Sc., Professor

Ismagambetova Z.N.

Dr. Sc., Professor

Akbergen A.I.

PhD student

al-Faraby Kazakh National University, Republic of Kazakhstan

Characteristics of tolerance in Kazakhstan society

One of the most urgent problems of modern social analysis is the essence of tolerance as spiritual values and value orientation of ethnic culture, determination the types of tolerance and development model of tolerance in Kazakhstan society. This problem is especially important for Kazakhstan society in modernization period. One of the important reasons of the sharpness and demanding of this problem in social and cultural plan is ethnocultural diversity in society, intensification of cross-cultural communication.

Society and cultural groups has been actively promoting the idea of preserving cultural and ethnic identity, including the preservation of their ethnic language. In this regard, especially important is to determine bases of ontological survival of different of peoples and their original cultures, the creation of the necessary conditions for preservation of world cultural group, for a positive intercultural dialogue on the basis of which the peaceful coexistence of different cultures and religions, cultural communication of various nations on the basis of mutual communication of tolerance and cultures is possible.

Tolerance to date, of course, serves as prerequisite for the survival and development of modern civilization, regulation relations at the state level and the level of everyday interactions and practices. All this factors actualizes the necessity for cultural-philosophical analysis of the problem of increasing contradictions between society's demand for the establishment of tolerance as a strategy of interaction between people and social groups (as the value norm of society and the culture of tolerance) and lack of attractiveness of standards and corresponding behaviors that exist in society. Theoretical and practical significance of this problem due to socio-cultural originality of ethno-cultural component and inter-confessional relations is prevailing in our society.

The idea of multiculturalism, multiethnicity as well as the idea about religious as a component of "cultural lifestyle" are gradually developed during the years of social and cultural transformations in the society. However, theoretical and sociological analysis shows that we have not learned how to operate with them not only as a model of intercultural communication despite the fact that in society is a positioning of idea of recognition of tolerance strategy and solidarity as a necessary condition for stable and harmonious of socio-cultural life. History of mankind shows that these cultural strategy has not yet moral and cultural value and norm of social and cultural organization, unit, conversion, modernization of the social and cultural life for the peoples of the world despite the fact that the phenomenon of tolerance and solidarity ontologically rooted in a person's life.

In the modern conditions of formation of multicultural world, we only approaches to understanding the deep reason meaning of values of humanity as a cosmic and natural phenomena, as the fact respectful and valuable relation to other, different culture and people. Tolerance is a necessary element of intercultural communication; it is the ability to understand the main things not only in their own, but in a different culture, to see in the other a strange and important religious values meaning, but also the ability to isolate the ideological justification not inconsistent with the spiritual and moral values. Accessing cultural-philosophical study of tolerance and solidarity has a deep civilizational meaning because it is important not only for saving humanity as a unique phenomenon of space, but also as a cultural phenomenon, having deep humanistic and moral and spiritual reasons, the practical meaning and social function.

Multilateral analysis of the problem shows that the idea of tolerance has been widely discussed in the scientific, political community and social groups. Research of the problems of tolerance in the foreign, Russian and Kazakh literature reveals that its essence can be understood by clarifying social, cultural, political facts of life of society, the implication of moral principles and values, the implementation of various communication models and schemes and strategies of interaction between ethnic and cultural groups. Essence of tolerance is determined in context of place and role of tolerance in social, cultural and political life of society.

For example in Western Europe tolerance was determined in conditions elucidation the issue of attitude to religious faith as religious tolerance. The main feature of the Western model of tolerance is rationality. The western model of tolerance is the model of treatment and respect for property, for human rights, to the legal institutions of society. Thus, the basic of the Western model of tolerance is the principles of religious tolerance, acceptance and respect for the rights and freedoms of individuals.

The Russian model of tolerance is determined by a number of socio-cultural factors: Orthodox Christianity, the influence of different cultural traditions (East and West), "own" ("authentic") ethnic principles. The most important principles of the Russian model of tolerance are the principles: tolerance, solidarity, cooperation, pluralism, cultural diversity, dialogue and understanding among peoples, ethnic, religious, cultural and other groups. The Russian model of tolerance is based on the cooperation of cultures, ethnicities and religions, social communities and groups.

Kazakhstan model of tolerance has a long history. As a social phenomenon in Kazakhstan tolerance has an ancient tradition. Specificity of formation of tolerance in Kazakh culture is connected on the one hand with the influence of Tengrianism, ideas of Christianity, later with the spread of Islam. Development of the basic spiritual values was associated with such ideas of Islam as, for example, morality, spirituality and development of positive moral qualities such as justice, forgiveness, compassion, kindness, truthfulness, generosity as well as inadmissibility of the negative qualities of hypocrisy, trickery, slander, suspicion, deceit, pride and desire for positive values.

This principle of tolerance towards others is expressed in overcoming hostility, resentment and prejudices between people, in statement in interpersonal relations the idea of love for one's neighbor, committing good affairs, forgiveness and compassion. Ideas of tolerance are evolved in the history of Turkic and Kazakh philosophy. Category of tolerance is expressed in philosophical searches such famous thinker of the East as al-Farabi.

In national philosophical tradition the phenomenon of tolerance is a special theme. In the tradition of the Kazakh philosophy the synthesis of the ideas of East and West carried out through their creative heritage, the idea of intercultural dialogue and spirit of tolerance. Their works have been raised philosophical issues of universal importance – issues of life and human freedom, the meaning of his life, compassion and tolerance. World outlook of Kazakh thinkers of the beginning of XX century was deeply humanistic. This is reflected in the statement of principle of individual of person, the uniqueness of his being, recognizing the importance of the role of person and nation in history, in determination philosophical problems through the prism of good and evil, as well as the whole ethical coloring of their philosophical views.

Ideas of tolerance constitutes huge layer of spiritual culture of the Kazakh people. Therefore it is necessary to take into account the deep elements of history and culture in the development of Kazakhstan's model of tolerance, relevant values, norms and rules of life, the elements of ethical values, traditional attitudes, stories, examples and images. Traditions of the Kazakh people as hospitality, mutual aid, as well as responsiveness, openness and goodwill to the world are playing an important role in the formation of the Kazakh model of tolerance. It is known that tolerance is a temporary local, manifested in all cultures and in this sense is universal. Thus, the idea of tolerance is evolved over many years of coexistence of the Kazakh people with different peoples Russian and Central Asian society.

The main principle of such co-existence is the principle of religious tolerance and respect for foreign culture. In the Soviet period, an important factor for tolerance is a socialist ideology based on the unity of history, class solidarity, creation of Soviet culture. The value of tolerance is very important in a period of independent development of Kazakhstan's society. During the transition period (with strict processes of socio-economic differentiation) transformation of Kazakh society was directly related to the essential elements and values of social consensus, strengthening of attitudes, values of social and ethnic groups. It is vital important if we take into account the differences in values, political and religious orientations of different social groups. Achieving social and economic stability of Kazakh society was possible through the development of solidarity in society, creating norms, principles, ideas of tolerant behavior in interethnic and interreligious relations.

Formation of tolerance strategy in western countries was a long-term and sometimes spontaneous. The foundation of human coexistence in a multicultural environment in Kazakhstan for developing tolerance strategy is "a political order" and the most important political goal. This setup was for a young sovereign state and relevance. This way was dictated by the need, on the one hand, presence social and cultural experience of the interaction of peoples under the conditions of the USSR, and, on the other hand, an attempt to save the accumulated experience. The historic multi-ethnic, multi-confessional conditions and forms became urgent for the Kazakh society in terms of building young independent and sovereign state of Kazakhstan. The analysis shows that only the stability of inter-ethnic relations and solidarity are the necessary foundation for its further development and subsequent upgrades. On the other hand, this was due to external background (context), which is characterized by multi-vector and cultural complexity of the processes of globalization, development of the ideas of tolerance, intercultural communication skills, formation of tolerance in contemporary political context, tolerance and peace co-existence and prevention of various types of extremism. Therefore, formation of Kazakhstan strategy of tolerance is supported by creation of the legal framework, the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, by the institutionalization of inter-ethnic relations on the basis of the consent and cooperation of the peoples of Kazakhstan, for example, on the "platform" of Assembly of People of Kazakhstan. The Assembly of People of Kazakhstan is played an important role in the development of tolerance of social institutions in interethnic relations in particular. Analysis of the socio-political situation shows that an important role in the implementation of the principles of tolerant interaction plays rationally balanced ethnic policy of the state.

Psychology experts emphasizes that tolerance is particularly important in those conditions where a large community is highly complex, polymorphic system in its ethnic, national, religious, social and cultural features, in which the representatives of various groups have a lot of common problems, similar interests and therefore are constantly forced to communicate to solve common problems [1]. "Tolerance as a civilizing, psychosocial factors contribute to the fact that intersubjective, intergroup differences (in the context of resolving the issues of tolerance) do not have irreparable destabilizing, destructive effect on the system of intersubject communications. Tolerance is not identical with social inertia and "cold" indifference as a direction of value vector against all forms of intolerance, negativism, xenophobia. It focuses on a significant socio-cultural, psyche-moral energy, providing tactics of search common ground, a strategy for a common situational platform for a variety of positions" [2, p. 216].

Tolerance becomes the most important tuning fork for socio-cultural dynamics of contemporary society. Sociologists and psychologists have noted that external and internal conflicts (including in the religious sphere) began in people's lives a constant negative factor as spiritual, mental, individual element in communication strategies and priorities of activity [3]. According to G.M. Soldatova tolerance – is "an integral characteristic of the individual, which determines the ability in problem and crisis situations to actively interact in conditions of mental equilibrium, to successful adaptation to avoiding confrontation and to developing a positive relationship with yourself and the world" [4, p. 84]. The social structure of society, cultural and religious differences as sustainable model with elements of tolerance describes the general features and vision of the world, forms of activity, methods of adaptation, types of resolution in conflictе, including in the religious sphere.

Literature

1. Sovremennaja konflictologija v kontekste kultury mira. – M., 2011.

2. Bachinin V.A. Tolerantnost" // Psikhologija. Enciklopedicheskijj slovar". – SPb.: Izd-vo Mihajjlova V.A., 2005.

3. Bardier G.L. Socialnaja psikhologija tolerantnosti. – SPb., 2005.

4. Soldatova G.M. Prakticheskaja psikhologija tolerantnosti, ili kak sdelat” tak, chtoby zazvuchaly luchshie struny chelovecheskojj dushy? // Vek tolerantnosty. – 2003. –№ 3 . – S. 60-78.