Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè / 2. Ïðîáëåìû è ïîäãîòîâêè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ

 

  Òàíèðáåðãåíîâ Ì.Æ., Àáèøåâà À.

Þæíî-Êàçàõñòàíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èìåíè Ì.Àóåçîâà, Êàçàõñòàí

 

Ïóòè è âîçìîæíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèõ òåõíîëîãèé íà óðîêàõ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà â 5-6 êëàññàõ

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Îáó÷àÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ 5-6-õ êëàññîâ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîìó èñêóññòâó, ïåäàãîã äîëæåí ó÷èòûâàòü êîëè÷åñòâåííûå è êà÷åñòâåííûå ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó âîçðàñòíûìè ýòàïàìè. «Êàæäûé èç øêîëüíûõ âîçðàñòîâ – ìëàäøèé, ñðåäíèé è ñòàðøèé, - îòìå÷àåò ïñèõîëîã Ë.È.Áîæîâè÷, - îòëè÷àåòñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà êà÷åñòâåííî ñâîåîáðàçíîé ñòðóêòóðîé ñâîèõ îñîáåííîñòåé, à ïåðåõîä îò îäíîãî âîçðàñòíîãî ýòàïà ê äðóãîìó ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íå ýâîëþöèîííûé ïðîãðåññ, à äèàëåêòè÷åñêèé ñêà÷îê ê íîâîìó êà÷åñòâó».  [1]

Îïûò ïåðåäîâûõ ïåäàãîãîâ äàâíî äîêàçàë, ÷òî îáó÷åíèå íàèáîëåå óñïåøíî òîãäà, êîãäà â íåì ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòü è òèï ìîòèâàöèè, õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ äåòåé äàííîé âîçðàñòíîé ãðóïïû. Ëè÷íîñòíàÿ çíà÷èìîñòü ó÷åáíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè – ãëàâíåéøåå óñëîâèå åå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè.

Ïðè ðåøåíèè ïðîáëåìû ïðååìñòâåííîñòè (â ÷àñòíîñòè - íà óðîêàõ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà), îñîáåííî â ïåðèîä àäàïòàöèè â÷åðàøíåãî ìëàäøåãî øêîëüíèêà ê íîâûì óñëîâèÿì îáó÷åíèÿ â 5 êëàññå, íåîáõîäèìî:

- ó÷èòûâàòü ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè 10-12-ëåòíèõ äåòåé, âñòóïàþùèõ â ïîäðîñòêîâûé ïåðèîä ðàçâèòèÿ; óðîâåíü ïîçíàâàòåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, ñ êîòîðûì ðåáåíîê ïåðåøåë â 5 êëàññ;

- èìåòü ÷åòêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î öåëÿõ è ðåçóëüòàòàõ èçó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà íà íà÷àëüíîé è îñíîâíîé ñòóïåíÿõ;

- çíàòü ñïåöèôèêó ôîðì îðãàíèçàöèè îáó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîìó èñêóññòâó, âîçìîæíîñòè ðàçâèòèÿ ó÷åáíîãî äèàëîãà, îñîáåííîñòè ñòèëÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ó÷èòåëÿ è ó÷àùèõñÿ.

È.Â.Ñîëîäóõèí îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî ó÷èòåëþ íàäî áûòü îñîáåííî âíèìàòåëüíûì ê ìîìåíòàì ñâîåîáðàçíîãî òâîð÷åñêîãî «îò÷óæäåíèÿ», ãîâîðÿùåãî î òîì, ÷òî «ðåáåíîê ïåðåðîñ èìåþùèéñÿ îáðàçíûé áàãàæ, è åìó íóæíà íîâàÿ ïîðöèÿ çíàíèé î ìèðå, íîâûå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå íàâûêè». [3, ñ.91] Ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, íà÷èíàòü ñëåäóåò ñ ðàñêðåïîùåíèÿ ðåáåíêà îò ñêîâàííîñòè íà óðîêàõ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà, îò íåóâåðåííîñòè â ñîáñòâåííûõ ñèëàõ, îãðàíè÷èâàþùèõ òâîð÷åñêóþ èíèöèàòèâó, ðàçáóäèòü ôàíòàçèþ, ìûñëü, ýìîöèè, çàñòàâèòü ïîäðîñòêà ïîâåðèòü â êðàñîòó ìèðà, â ñèëó êðàñêè, òî åñòü ñîçäàòü «áëàãîïðèÿòíóþ àòìîñôåðó òâîð÷åñêîãî ñîçèäàíèÿ». [3, ñ.91]

Çàáîòÿñü î ðàçâèòèè ó øêîëüíèêîâ õóäîæåñòâåííûõ ñïîñîáíîñòåé, «ïåäàãîã äîëæåí çíàòü òå ìîìåíòû, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ñëóæèòü ïåðâûì ïîáóäèòåëüíûì ôàêòîðîì ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ, èíòåðåñà äåòåé ê çàíÿòèÿì èçîáðàçèòåëüíûì èñêóññòâîì» [2, ñ.51] Â.Ñ.Êóçèí ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî îäíèì èç òàêèõ ôàêòîðîâ «íåðåäêî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëóáîêîå ýìîöèîíàëüíîå ïåðåæèâàíèå ðåáåíêà ïðè âîñïðèÿòèè ïîðàçèâøåãî åãî âîîáðàæåíèå ïðåäìåòà èëè ÿâëåíèÿ…» [2, ñ.51] ×òîáû áîëåå àêòèâíî ðàçâèâàòü ó øêîëüíèêîâ ñïîñîáíîñòè ê èçîáðàçèòåëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, ó÷èòåëü äîëæåí çíàòü ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå îñíîâû, ñòðóêòóðó è ïîêàçàòåëè ýòèõ ñïîñîáíîñòåé.

Èíòåðåñ ê ó÷åáíîìó ïðåäìåòó âî ìíîãîì ñâÿçàí ñ êà÷åñòâîì ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ. Èñêóññòâî ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ òðåáóåò îò ó÷èòåëÿ è çíàíèÿ ñàìîãî ïðåäìåòà, è óñâîåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ïîëîæåíèé ïåäàãîãèêè, ïñèõîëîãèè, ôèçèîëîãèè, è ïîíèìàíèÿ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ìåòîäèêè îáó÷åíèÿ, è, ÷òî ñàìîå ãëàâíîå, óìåíèÿ òâîð÷åñêè èñïîëüçîâàòü âñå ýòè çíàíèÿ â ó÷åáíîì ïðîöåññå.

Â.Ñ.Êóçèí îòìå÷àåò, «÷òîáû äîáèòüñÿ ïðî÷íîãî óñâîåíèÿ ó÷åáíîãî ìàòåðèàëà, ïåäàãîã äîëæåí ïîñòîÿííî ðàçíîîáðàçèòü ìåòîäèêó ïðîâåäåíèÿ óðîêîâ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà, ìåòîäû è ïðèåìû îáúÿñíåíèÿ, îïðîñà è ò.ä.» [2, ñ.19]

Ïî ìíåíèþ Í.Í.Ðîñòîâöåâà, â ïðåïîäàâàíèè, êàê è âî âñÿêîì èñêóññòâå, òðåáóþòñÿ âäîõíîâåíèå, èíòóèöèÿ, íàõîä÷èâîñòü, òâîð÷åñêèé ïîäõîä ê äåëó. Îí ïèøåò: «Êàê êîìïîçèòîð ïðè èìïðîâèçàöèè âî âðåìÿ çâó÷àíèÿ ïåðâûõ àêêîðäîâ íà÷èíàåò ñîçäàâàòü è ðàçâèâàòü ìåëîäèþ, èñêàòü íîâîå, íàèáîëåå êðàñèâîå è âûðàçèòåëüíîå çâó÷àíèå, òàê è ïðåïîäàâàòåëü… íà÷èíàåò èçûñêèâàòü íîâûå, íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûå ìåòîäû èçëîæåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëà» [5, ñ.8] 

Ñòàâÿ ñâîåé çàäà÷åé ðàçâèòü òâîð÷åñêèå ñïîñîáíîñòè ó÷àùèõñÿ íà óðîêàõ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà, ó÷èòåëü äîëæåí âûðàáîòàòü ïðàâèëüíóþ ìåòîäèêó ðàáîòû ñ äåòüìè. Òâîð÷åñêóþ ðàáîòó  ñî øêîëüíèêàìè íåëüçÿ ïóñêàòü íà ñàìîòåê, åå íàäî ðóêîâîäèòü, åå íàäî íàïðàâëÿòü.

 âîçðàñòå 11-15 ëåò çíàíèÿ ïðèîáðåòàþò îñîáóþ çíà÷èìîñòü äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ëè÷íîñòè ïîäðîñòêà. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ òîé öåííîñòüþ, êîòîðàÿ îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïîäðîñòêó ðàñøèðåíèå ñîáñòâåííîãî ñîçíàíèÿ è çíà÷èìîå ìåñòî ñðåäè ñâåðñòíèêîâ. «Èìåííî â ïîäðîñòêîâîì âîçðàñòå ïðèêëàäûâàþòñÿ ñïåöèàëüíûå óñèëèÿ äëÿ ðàñøèðåíèÿ æèòåéñêèõ, õóäîæåñòâåííûõ è íàó÷íûõ çíàíèé» [5, Ñ.357]  ýòîì âîçðàñòå ïîäðîñòîê ãîòîâ ê òåì âèäàì ó÷åáíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, êîòîðûå äåëàþò åãî áîëåå âçðîñëûì â åãî ñîáñòâåííûõ ãëàçàõ. Òàêàÿ ãîòîâíîñòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ìîòèâîâ ó÷åíèÿ.

Óðîê – åäèíèöà ó÷åáíîãî ïðîöåññà, çíà÷èò, â íåì íóæíî âèäåòü íå òîëüêî ÷èñòî âíåøíèå ñòîðîíû, ñîïðÿæåííûå ñ îðãàíèçàöèåé òðóäà ó÷èòåëÿ è ó÷åíèêà, à çàãëÿíóòü â òå âíóòðåííèå ïðîöåññû, íà êîòîðûå, ñîáñòâåííî, è íàïðàâëåí ïðîöåññ îáó÷åíèÿ.     

Îäèí èç ýôôåêòèâíûõ ïóòåé ðåøåíèÿ âûøåïîñòàâëåííûõ çàäà÷ – èñïîëüçîâàíèå íà óðîêàõ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà ñîâðåìåííûõ ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèõ òåõíîëîãèé.

Èííîâàöèîííûå òåõíîëîãèè îáó÷åíèÿ íà óðîêàõ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà

 - ñïîñîáñòâóþò ïîâûøåíèþ ó øêîëüíèêîâ èíòåðåñà ê èçó÷åíèþ äàííîãî ïðåäìåòà;

- ïðåäïîëàãàþò âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè ó÷àùèõñÿ, òðåáóþò èõ àêòèâíîãî ó÷àñòèÿ â ïîäãîòîâêå è ïðîâåäåíèè óðîêà;

- îáåñïå÷èâàþò ãëóáîêèå çíàíèÿ, ïðî÷íûå óìåíèÿ è íàâûêè, ôîðìèðóþò îòâåòñòâåííîå îòíîøåíèå ê ó÷åáíîìó òðóäó;

- ñïîñîáñòâóþò ôîðìèðîâàíèþ è ðàçâèòèþ ëè÷íîñòè, ñîçäàþò áëàãîïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïðîÿâëåíèÿ åãî ñïîñîáíîñòåé è èíòåðåñîâ;

- ïîçâîëÿþò íàëàäèòü êîíòàêò, óñòàíîâèòü áîëåå òåñíóþ ñâÿçü ñ âíóòðåííèì ìèðîì ðåáåíêà, òàê êàê ñîçäàþò íà óðîêå îáñòàíîâêó äîáðîæåëàòåëüíîñòè è âçàèìíîãî äîâåðèÿ.

- ñïîñîáñòâóþò ðàñêðåïîùåíèþ, ñîçäàíèþ ýìîöèîíàëüíîãî íàñòðîÿ, ÷òî, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ïîìîãàåò ðàçâèòèþ õóäîæåñòâåííîãî òâîð÷åñòâà ó÷àùèõñÿ;

- ðàçâèâàþò ïàìÿòü äåòåé, âíèìàíèå, ñîîáðàçèòåëüíîñòü, ðàñøèðÿþò èõ îáùèé êðóãîçîð, ïîìîãàþò øêîëüíèêàì áûñòðåå îñâàèâàòü çíàíèÿ, ïðèìåíÿòü èõ íà ïðàêòèêå, ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ èìè â ðàçíûõ óñëîâèÿõ.

- êîíöåíòðèðóþò âíèìàíèå è ñòèìóëèðóåò ïîçíàâàòåëüíóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü øêîëüíèêîâ, ïðîÿâëÿåìóþ â æåëàíèè àêòèâíîé è ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû íà óðîêå. 

- óñèëèâàþò ìèðîâîççðåí÷åñêóþ íàïðàâëåííîñòü ïîçíàâàòåëüíûõ èíòåðåñîâ ó÷àùèõñÿ, áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíî ôîðìèðóþò èõ óáåæäåíèÿ, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâóåò âñåñòîðîííåìó ðàçâèòèþ ëè÷íîñòè.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì,  íàìè ïîä ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè ïîíèìàåòñÿ ñîâîêóïíîñòü âçàèìîñâÿçàííûõ óñëîâèé, íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî ïðîöåññà îáó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîìó èñêóññòâó ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èííîâàöèîííûõ òåõíîëîãèé, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ïîâûøåíèå ó äåòåé âíóòðåííåé ìîòèâàöèè è èíòåðåñà ê èçó÷åíèþ äàííîãî ïðåäìåòà, ÷òî ñóùåñòâåííî ñêàæåòñÿ íà óëó÷øåíèè êà÷åñòâà îáó÷åíèÿ, ñîçäàíèè áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ñïîñîáíîñòåé è èíòåðåñîâ ó÷àùèõñÿ 5-6 êëàññîâ.

 

Ëèòåðàòóðû:

1.                             Áîæîâè÷ Ë.È. Ëè÷íîñòü è åå ôîðìèðîâàíèå â äåòñêîì âîçðàñòå. Ì.: Ïðîñâåùåíèå, 1968. – Ñ.145.

2.                             Êóçèí Â.Ñ. Îñíîâû îáó÷åíèÿ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîìó èñêóññòâó â øêîëå. – Ì.: Ïðîñâåùåíèå, 1977. – Ñ.19, 51.

3.                             Ñîëîäóõèí È.Â. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñïîñîáíîñòåé ê ýìîöèîíàëüíîìó îòíîøåíèþ ê èñêóññòâó è äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè ó äåòåé ñðåäíåãî øêîëüíîãî âîçðàñòà â ðàáîòå ñ êðàñêàìè è ñ öâåòîì.// Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ïðîöåññà õóäîæåñòâåííîãî âîñïèòàíèÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ íà îñíîâå íîâûõ ïðîãðàìì ïî èçîáðàçèòåëüíîìó èñêóññòâó äëÿ øêîë Êàçàõñòàíà.//Òåìàòè÷åñêèé ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. – Àëìà-Àòà, 1986. – Ñ.91.

4.                             Åðìàãàìáåòîâà È.Â. Ïðîáëåìû è ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà íà ñîâðåìåííîì ýòàïå./ Èçîáðàçèòåëüíîå èñêóññòâî è ÷åð÷åíèå - ¹6, 2005. – Ñ.18, 19.

5.                 Ðîñòîâöåâ Í.Í. Ìåòîäèêà ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èçîáðàçèòåëüíîãî èñêóññòâà â øêîëå. – Ì.: Ïðîñâåùåíèå, 1980. – Ñ.8, 89, 96.