Demographic
safety is a component of all security system. In multiethnic state demographic
safety can be presented as a component of social security. There is also a need
to identify the meaning and demographic security as an independent question,
standing in one line with the environmental, economic, social, political,
informational, legal spheres of human life, society and the state. At the same
time, the demographic safety is an element of systems of all levels of
security, identifying all known current human activities. A man and a society
mutually determine qualitative and quantitative characteristics of existence
and health of each other. They are the building blocks of the state as a
system. They are interrelated and interdependent elements of a system.
World
community is concerned about the demographic situation in the world. In this
regard, the United Nations at the Millennium formulated 13 global problems,
where the demographic problem takes its third place after the problems of war
and peace, and environmental issues.
Thus,
secure and sustainable economic development of any country directly depends on
the dynamics of demographic processes, as the population of the country is the
goal, and the factor of development. Thereby, the strategy "Kazakhstan-2030"
states that "the leading priorities of national security must be nominated
by a strong demographic and migration policy" (1).
Since
gaining its independence in 1991, the Republic begins transformation processes
and the expansion of possible return of certain ethnic groups into the
homeland. In Kazakhstan, as in many other countries of the CIS, in quantity and
its structure, the population has changed dramatically.
Transitional crisis of the 1990s all over the former Soviet territory
directly affected the level of reproduction. During the first years of
sovereignty, in solving problems of demography Kazakhstan used basic legal
norms and trends of population policy, inherited from the Soviet Union. But in
the process of shifting to a market economy and creating new approaches of
social policy, it required immediate re-evaluation of the existing system of
rules connected with the role and place of the state demographic policy: in the
level of family, social protection system of motherhood and childhood. Later
they started to work out methods and principles of demographic policy, in
implementing resource maintenance and regionalization with bearing features of
demographic, economic and socio-cultural development of independent Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan
Agency for Migration and Demography drafted the concept of the state population
and migration policy, which was approved by Government of the Republic of
Kazakhstan as of August 17, 2000 ¹ 1272 and September 5, 2000 ¹ 1346.
The concept
of state population and migration policy - it is the first document formulated
by the government. The proposed concept - is the ideology of the demographic
development, disclosing the meaning of the nature and importance of demographic
processes and the unified national population policy formulation. The program’
objective was the elaboration and implementing integrated solutions to overcome
negative trends in demographic processes of the Republic of Kazakhstan and
finally to get an increase in population. It was also aimed to stabilize the
fertility and provide its growth, mortality reduction, public health support,
and family strengthening; to reduce migration negative balance, to grow up
living standards.
To date,
the measures taken by the Government connected to the country's demographic
development resulted to achieving stabilization and slight growth in the birth
rate, reduce mortality and increase life expectancy, reduce the negative
migration balance. Recent years set preconditions for sustainable growth in population.
According
to the results of the 2009 census the total population of the country was
16,004.8 thousand people, and the share of Kazakhs in the population was 63.1%
(or 10.1 million people.) (1).
In total,
the census recorded a rising trend in the people of Kazakhstan, which is a
change comparing with the fall of 2000. This is resulted by the decrease of
European ethnic groups emigration, increase of the growth rate of Kazakhs and
reduce of Russian and German decline rate.
The
population of Kazakhstan is changing through migration growth. This was mainly
the result of an active policy of repatriation repatriates - Kazakhs living in
the CIS and other foreign countries.
Currently,
the National Agency of RK for Migration and Demography worked out the Program
to increase the population in 2015 to 20 million. To achieve this target in
near future, there are two options - natural increase and immigration. We can
say that as for now, neither of two options does work effectively.
However,
despite all measures taken by the state, the threats to our demographic
security are, and some of them should be pointed out: a dramatic environmental
degradation, natural disasters and other emergency situations of natural and
man-made disasters, epidemics and epizootics, reduced fertility, increased
mortality, uncontrolled migrations, illegal migration and cross-border
conflicts, terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, etc.
In the
context of the integration processes development, more openness of Kazakhstan
in general and economics in particular, especially with the Republic’ entering
into the Customs Union, becoming a Eurasian economic space, as well as the
forthcoming accession of the WTO, it is expected that the world's population
and migration processes and trends will have a direct impact on the demographic
situation in Kazakhstan.
References:
1. http: \ \ www. start. Website kz Kazakhstan Agency
for Statistics.
Abstract
The article
makes a political analysis of demographic factors affecting the security of the
country.