Biological sciences/11.
Bioengineering and Bioinformatics
L.V.Skripnikova Technical Science Candidate, Associate Professor
State University after Shakarim Semey City, Republic of Kazakhstan
On
regulation of genetically engineered activity
in
the Republic of Kazakhstan
The article contains information on a rating of the
dangerous products containing the genetically modified organisms (GMO),
consequences of their usage for the health of a person, creation of legal base
in the field of usage of results of genetically engineered activity and work of
Kazakhstani specialized laboratories on
examination of goods on the maintenance of GMO.
Keywords: genetically modified organisms (GMO),
transgene products, danger, safety, threat, risk, chemical pollution, genes, mutation,
cancer genic effect, immunity, allergic reactions, antibiotics, ecology,
health, and environment.
The main
direction of world researches in the field of genetic engineering is
concentrated on GMO creation with these or those signs useful to the person, not
having analogs in the nature. But it must be kept in mind that genetic
engineering, on the one hand, is the powerful tool of progress, and on the
other hand, at careless use, can have negative consequences. In the different
countries of the world of the relation to this problem aren't unambiguous [1].
Now in many
countries there is a percentage ban on use of such products, for example: in
Japan standard of the maintenance of GMO in a product – 5%; in Europe – it is
no more than 0,9%; and in the USA – 10%. Almost worldwide a product marking
about the maintenance of GMO in it is obligatory [2].
Scientists of CIS
countries - Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan with its Institute of Eco hygiene and
Toxicology, National Medical Academy, Scientific Research Institute of Food and
Medical centers have been working over creation of a rating of the dangerous
products containing GMO. As a result, the most dangerous 10 products were
called and about this result was told on the first Kaliningrad Symposium
"Food. Health. Life". Harm of the products got to the list, was
defined according to their ability to cause a serious illness. Many
"participants" of a rating often become the reasons of poisonings and
heavy allergic reactions, but for healthy people these products are quite safe.
According to doctors, everything depends on a dosage. Intake of such food in
small amounts can be quite harmless [3].
The 1st place: chips and sparkling water. Chips are a mix of carbohydrates and fat, in a cover of dyes and taste
substitutes. In chips carcinogens - the substances provoking a cancer are
formed. And the hydrogenated fats lead to rising of the level of cholesterol in
blood that increases risk of heart attacks and strokes. The sweet sparkling
drinks - mix of sugar, chemistry and gases, contain aspartame (E951), a
synthetic sugar substitute. Felatanin containing in aspartame changes a
sensitivity threshold, usage of it in big doses promotes development of a
maniacal depression, attacks of a panic, rage and violence. Sparkling water with
the aspartame doesn't satisfy thirst. After the usage of drinks in a mouth
there is a feeling of excessive sweetness which one wants to be removed with a
new portion of drink. As a result, drinks with aspartame become drinks for
thirst excitement, instead of its satisfying. Besides, benzoate of sodium
(E211) which is used as a preservative oppresses enzymes that lead to a
metabolic disorder and obesity.
The 2nd place: fast food.
The fastest food - belyashes, chebureks, French fries, doner kebabs, in general
everything that is fried - are very harmful. Such food leads to violation in
the field of digestion - to colitis, gastritis,
heartburn, etc. Other kinds of fast food are chips, croutons, nuts, chocolate
and nut bars and others. Nutritionists
of the whole world are sure that food determines duration and quality of human
life. And flavoring habits remain with the person for the rest of life. How to
be disaccustomed to the fast food usage? There is only one way out - to exclude
fast-food completely from a diet.
The 3rd place: sausage, smoked products. All kinds of smoked sausages – a product which we most often buy,
contains more and more fragrances and dyes, than meat. Smoked meat and fish got
to a rating list too for the high content of carcinogens. They are formed in
processing in the form of substance of petrolpyrene.
More and more producers pass to the gene
modified raw materials. For example, for 80% many kinds of sausages consist
of transgene soy. Only one slice of smoked sausage contains so many phenolic
connections that how many the person inhales in the city in a year. Phenol is extremely toxic.
The 4th place: vegetables, fruit, products with
preservatives. Even the most useful and natural
products can become harmful if they are grown up, for example, near the highway
or a plant. Using such vegetables, it is possible to receive a high share of
petrolpyrene and other substances causing a cancer. Preservatives may contain
glutamate sodium poisoning of which appears in the form of a headache, angiospasms
and even a metabolic disorder.
5 place: margarine, cakes, and cereals. Margarine is a transgene fat - the most harmful type of fat. Products
with its contents - cakes, pies with cream, products from flaky pastry - are
harmful. The use of these sated with sugar and fat of products practically
guarantees a metabolic disorder and excess of weight. Cereals, in particular, a
white loaf, got to the list because it often causes intolerance. The illness is
called as Gee’s disease. Symptoms
fluctuate from problems with intestines to diabetes and infertility.
The 6th place: coffee, energy drinks, milk. During a day an adult can drink two-three cups without risking exhausting
the nervous system. It is better to take energy drinks as seldom as possible.
Milk, as well as bread, also is an intolerable product. Poisoning with milk
proteins in hard cases can lead even to a lethal outcome.
The 7th place: home vegetable conservation,
ice cream. These products can be eaten bravely if to make home
conservations due to the strict rules and norms of dosage that is to observe a
dosage of products and not to neglect elementary food safety (the correct
sterilization). An ice cream contains thickeners and fragrances which can slow
down a metabolism, and it is the increased risk of emergence of weight excess.
The 8th place: chewing candies, fruit
candies, Chupa chups. These products contain
a huge amount of sugar, chemical additives, dyes, substitutes, etc.
The 9th place: chocolate bars. They contain a large number of calories in combination with the
chemical additives which have been genetically modified by products, dyes and
fragrances.
The 10th place: mayonnaise. Mayonnaise contains a trance fats which are cancer genic and cause an increase
of level of cholesterol. It is impossible to use mayonnaise in plastic packages
- vinegar allocates cancer genic substances from plastic. Mayonnaise contains a
large amount of preservatives and stabilizers. A number of harmful products is
also a wide range of ketchups, various sauces and soup appetizers which contain
dyes, substitutes of taste [4, 5, 6].
We will
generalize the main risks of the usage of products with GMO:
• Immunity
easing, possibility of allergic reactions as a result of direct effect of
transgene proteins;
• Emergence of stability
of a person to antibiotics that will make impossible process of treatment of
many diseases;
• The violations
of health connected with accumulation in a human body of herbicides as
GM-plants have property to accumulate them [7].
In this regard
Kazakhstan needs to have a reliable protection on a fundamental and scientific
basis, by means of the organization of highly skilled control services of use
of products of biotechnology. Now in the republic the technical regulations
exist in which it is specified work that products of GMO have to be marked.
Kazakhstani specialized laboratories at the Republican Academy of Food, in such
cities as Astana, Alma-Ata, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Petropavlovsk and Uralsk already
began a work on examination of goods on the maintenance of GMO. If the percentage
of the contents in a studied product equals 0,9%, it considers harmless and
will not be marked.
At the same time
lack of universal control of GMO circulation in Kazakhstan is a legal way
allowing producers of food products, freely to import the biological products
containing GMO.
However it should
be noted that in some separate KZ laws there are the norms governing the public
relations in the field of use of results of genetically engineered activity
anyway. They are the following:
• The Code of RK
"About Health of the People and Health System", September 18, 2009;
•The Ecological
Code of the RK, January 9, 2007;
• The Law of the RK
"About Ratification of the Kartakhensky Protocol on Biosafety to the
Convention on Biological Diversity", June 17, 2008;
• The Law of the RK
"About Safety of Food Products", July 21, 2007;
• The Law of the RK
"About Seed Farming", on February 8, 2008.
Absence of the
separate law regulating genetically engineered activity in Kazakhstan led to
impossibility of formation of a legal framework for legitimate implementation
of genetically engineered activity. In this regard adoption of the Law
"About State Regulation of Genetically Engineered Activity",
including a turn and development of GMO is planned. But for implementation of
provisions of the specified laws Resolutions of the government of the RK
"About the Approval of Rules of a Turn" and "About the Approval
of Rules of Work on Scientific on Reasonable Grounds Confirmation of Safety of
Genetically Modified Objects" are adopted.
Recently
questions of biosafety came to the forefront in system of the international
relations. In 2000 Convention member countries "About biological
diversity" adopted the Kartakhensky protocol on the biosafety, which main objective is an assistance in providing an appropriate level of protection when
using the live changed organisms. 163 countries are members of this
Protocol, including EU countries, China, India, and Japan. Kazakhstan ratified
the Kartakhensky protocol on June 17, 2008 in this connection assumed
obligations for development and adoption of the relevant legislation, creation
of administrative bodies or investment with appropriate authority already
existing bodies [8,9].
Development of
genetic engineering and its achievement will promote development of economy of
our country, by creation of the new products surpassing in quality traditional
analogs. However, developing genetic engineering it is necessary to remember
the potential risks arising at use of GMO. Therefore it is necessary to be
guided by legislative and legal and normative and technical base for
development of genetic engineering as fundamental science, to exercise control
of GMO use for the purpose of safety and population health.
Literature:
1 Skripnikova L.V. Danger of the
genetically modified organisms (GMO) for health of a person and the earth ecology.
Scientific magazine "Semey State Shakarim University Bulletin",
No. 2 (62), I volume, 2013. - Page 65-69
2 Ignatyev I., Trombitsky I.
Genetically modified organisms and biological safety insurance. Kishinev:
Ecorange Bendery, 2007. Page 60
3 Kuznetzov
V.V., Kulikov A.M., Mitrokhin I.A. Tsydendambayev V.D. GMO and biological safety/M: EkoSinform, 2004,
No. 10. – Page 60
4 What is the GMO and what are they produced for? // GMO – a
zone of a high risk / Fund of integration of ecological culture, Alma-Ata, 2003. – Page
52
5 Ermishin A.P. Genetically modified
organisms: myths and reality//Minsk: Technology, 2004. – Page 116
6 GMOs: control over society or
public control/M: E.K. "desert-candle", Alliance CIS "For
biosafety", 2005. – Page 198
7 Zones, free from GMO, under V.
B. Kopeykina/M edition: Ãåîñ, 2007. - Page 106
8 Global Status of Commercialized
Biotech/GM Crops: 2006 / http://www .isaaa.org (date of the address
20.01.2014)
9 The Kartakhensky protocol on
biosafety to the Convention on biological diversity//http://www.biodiv.org
(date of the address 22.01.2014)