Экономические науки / 15.Государственное регулирование экономики
К.э.н. Хаирова Э.А.
РВУЗ «КИПУ»
SPECIFICITY OF THE NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM IN JAPAN
In modern conditions the world
economy is in the permanent process of dynamic development. Defining role in
this belongs to the innovation processes that affect both the development of
individual States and the world economy as a whole. In this context, the urgent
problem of substantiation of domination of innovative processes in the
formation of a competitive innovative economy of the state. In the economic
literature, depending on the intensity of regulation of innovation policy,
there are two models: active (North American, Western European and
Japanese-East Asian types of policy) and passive (innovation policy in Latin
America, and the 90-ies of XX century - and post-Soviet (including Ukraine),
the Central European post-socialist countries). In this regard, special
importance is the analysis of foreign experience of innovative development, to
adapt the most effective strategies for the formation of effective models of
innovation development of Ukraine.
In States with different levels of economic development are formed
innovation system significantly differ the principles of organization and
implementation of state policy, incentive mechanisms. National innovation
system is a set of interrelated organizations (structures) , on the one hand,
dealing with the production and commercial realization of scientific knowledge
and technologies within national borders; on the other hand is a complex legal,
financial and social nature, which provide innovative processes and are based
on national customs, traditions, political and cultural peculiarities of the
country [1, p.9-10].
A distinctive feature of the
innovative model of the Asian countries is the use of borrowings strategy, with
a permanent stage-by-stage growth of own scientific and technological
potential, and an export-oriented high-tech products.
The formation of national innovation
system in Japan has its own unique features and is inseparably connected with
the mentality of the nation. Concept of scientific and technological
development was the basis of the strategy of economic development of the
country. The definition of scientific and technical progress as the dominant
factor of economic growth, assumed the reorientation of the entire system of
state regulation. In particular, it was assumed increases in public R & d
expenditures to the level of 3.5 %. The strategy of the state defines the
strategy of development of economic agents, especially large corporations,
implementing innovative type of growth and improvement in the competitive
position.
A specific feature of the Japanese
economy is its gradual structural change towards increasing of performance.
Model of economic growth of Japan based primarily on the increase in the role
of high-tech industries, advanced upgrading of a social production, deepening
of Informatization of a society based on application of advanced achievements.
Through direct and indirect instruments of the national policy is implemented
selective strategy of innovation and economic development. It is selective
approach to support and incentives for selected industries and individual
production of high-tech nature determines the peculiarity of Japanese
innovation policy.
The innovation process in Japan is
aimed at the cooperation between corporations in R & d, based on
clearly-established system of organization of the entire innovation process and
provides high efficiency of research activities and intensification of
innovative development. Cooperation of private companies takes place with the
initial stages of the innovation cycle (fundamental research and applied
developments). Thus, the Japanese model of the innovation process involves: the
emergence of innovations in various cooperation forms, spreading on large
companies, and then through an extensive network of small companies at the
lowest levels. The effectiveness of the Japanese model of innovation
development is confirmed by achieving a high level of economic development of
the state.
Gradually the policy of borrowing
advanced results STP was replaced by a policy of expansion of own scientific
and technical potential, contributing to the increase in funding R & d,
improvement of innovation infrastructure, the intensification of the protection
of intellectual property rights, increase research capacity. According to
research conducted by the American non-profit research organization Memorial
Institute Battel (Battelle Memoria lInstitute) and R&D magazine, in recent
years, expenditure on R & d in Japan amounted to 3.5 % of GDP, the country
is the leader on this indicator in the world. In the overall distribution of
expenditure on R & d in the world, Japan's share is about 12,5%[2].
A distinctive feature of the
national innovation system in Japan today is export orientation in the
high-tech sphere. The predominant form of innovation infrastructure are areas
of high technologies technoparks. Through the effective use of its specific
model of innovation development, Japan has held the position of world leader in
the production of high-tech products, have reached a high level of
competitiveness on the world market and stable economic growth.
Literature
1. Десять шагов навстречу инновациям
(консультационный сборник). – Министерство экономики Автономной Республики
Крым. - 2008. – 110с.
2. Global R&D Funding Forecast 2012// [Электронныйресурс]. – Режим
доступа: http://www.rdmag.com