ON NATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (BASED ON THE EXAMPLES
OF GERMAN PRASEOLOGY)
Z. Alpyspaeva
A. Baitursynov Kostanai
State University, Kazakhstan
National peculiarities people’s life are clearly
reflected in phraseology.
Facts about country's history, geography, economy,
lifestyle are all represented in the
semantics of many phraseological units , thus we can talk about national
cultural phraseological semantics . Today, many linguists recognize that a
large layer of phraseology occurs precisely on a national basis.
Ethno-cultural elements of the semantics of
praselological units can occur at three levels of the content:
1) the aggregate value of verbal phraseological
complex (phraseological units may reflect the national culture through their
idiomatic meanings). Some
idioms reflect such phenomena of the past and the
present of the country,
which have no analogues in other cultures. For
example, der Alte
Herr (former member of the student corporation; graduate (veteran) of
university ); der vlaue Brief ( a letter with unpleasant content):
1. official notice of dismissal (as well as the dismissal of the office);
2
. Letter to parents from the school of misconduct or student underachievement.
2 ) the individual lexical components of
phraseologisms (words-realities ) or idioms may reflect national culture in one
of the units of its composition, they
can contain the words, which have no equivalents. For example, nach Adam Riese " absolutely right"
" exactly " (based on the name of
the author's of the first popular textbooks in arithmetic in German.
(Adam Ries , 1492-1559 ); rangehen wie Blucher - act decisively ; Blucher -
Prussian Field Marshal of in the time of the wars against Napoleon.
3) the literal meaning of the total verbal complex,
which reflects specific national situation , the underlying image which bears
portable values of a phraseologism or its prototypes, ie once free phrases , telling about
the old customs of lifestyle people
national games, children's
games, etc. and then subjected to the change of meaning.
e.g., bei jmdm.
in der Kreide stehen - to owe smb
(from the custom of innkeepers to
record debts on a special board using chalk)
National identity can manifest itself in the typical
associations connected with one or the other image. This primarily refers to a
phrase forming units taken from the field of flora and fauna. The image base of
German and Russian phraseological units may be the same, but it generates units
different in value, "as concepts themselves behind these images acquire
different cultural and historical connotations " For example, in German
the image of hare is associated with an experienced, knowledgeable man, great
professionals (ein alter Hase), and
in the
Russian language this image is associated primarily
with a coward.
German phraseological units with national-cultural
semantics can be divided into two large groups:
1) Phrases with ethno-cultural semantics, reflecting
the facts, events, situations, objects, etc., they are not typical for the
Russian language speakers, e.g. bei jmdm.
in der Kreide stehen; einen Korb geben; bis in die Puppen gehen; fertig ist die
Laube; rangehen wie Blusher; Burger in Uniform usw.
2) Phraseological units reflecting subjects, names of
animals, plants, phenomenon, situations, which are characteristic to a greater
degree by virtue of specific economic and historical development of the country
to the German language speakers, but known in the Russian-speaking range;
e.g. idioms,
reflecting the characteristics of natural and geographical phenomenon of both
countries (plants, trees, crops and animals) since the geographical position,
climatic conditions are similar to some extent.
Absence of phraseological equivalents in the Russian
language with the same stem words also shows national peculiarity of
phraseological units. One-sided relationship of interconnectedness and
interdependence is established between the character of the phraseology and the
cultural-historical features of the development of the nation. [1] Only this
can fact, for example, can explain why one language has many phraseological
units related to the concepts such as the nomadic life, yurt, camel, horse
riding, etc. (for example, in Mongolian languages) , whereas for the other
languages these features are irrelevant or simply missing.
Thus, as N.G. Komlev points, " there is only one
way of acquiring cultural components - possible wider familiarization with the
culture of this nation - a bearer of the language, with the realities of their
everyday life "[2; 119]. As a component of language and culture,
phraseological units facilitate the identification of national and cultural
features of certain people. Language in this case is the custodian and transmitter
of culture. National-cultural aspect of the study of the linguistic units
allows deepening and broadening the content side of the rich idiomatic material
of modern German literature
1. E.B. Popova The peculiarities of
translating phraseological units with
national and cultural semantics / / Problems of language and translation :
collection of articles #2 - M:, 2000
2. N.D. Komlev Components of the content structure of a word. - M.
Editorial
URSS, 2003
3. H. Bayer, A. Bayer . German proverbs 1998