«Филологические науки» /3. Теоретические и методологические проблемы исследования языка

Suleimenova M.P

1^st year study of mastership of Institute of Master’s and Doctoral PhD of Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai

Actual problems of translation

The history of the translation comes from many years ago. The roots of this meaning come back to those distant days when proto began to disintegrate into separate languages, and there was a need of people who knew several languages and who was able to be as intermediaries in dealing representatives of different linguistic communities.

The translation activities in the period of Globalization is becoming to be large scale and increasing social importance. The Profession of translators become popular, and many countries have established special schools to train professional translators. In one form or another engaged in translation and in many other professions. Translation issues interests of the whole public.

Purpose of the transfer (as defined by A.V. Fedorov [1]) - as close as possible to acquaint the reader (or listener) with language, with the given text (or content of speech).

Translator Retsker gave the following definition: " Translation - this is the exact reproduction of the original means of another language while preserving the unity of content and style. This translation differs from the retelling, in which you can transfer the contents of a foreign script , omitting minor details and not worrying about playing style. Unity content and recreates the style translated into a language -based and therefore will have a new unity inherent in language translation. " [2 ]

When translating from English to Russian or Russian to English to draw attention to the fact that each utterance grammatically organized differ in their mode of expression are two types of values. Some values are expressed by the words, or rather, the roots or words bases . These values are always individual , characteristic only of this word and that word is distinguished from all other words. Thus, the Russian word big, small , green, red , warm express values precisely because of the fact that their roots or base more - small - Green - Red - , warm - has its own individual values, semantically distinguish these words from all other . Because most of the root morpheme meanings, each word is peculiar , as a rule, not any one individual value , but a whole set of such values. For example, the word warm inherent values heated , radiating warmth, having heating, protected from the cold , friendly , welcoming. We see in the following phrases, as warm water, warm garage, warm meeting. This kind of values signaled root morphemes or words bases, called lexical values.

There are different type of language and values - those that are not expressed by the individual root morphemes or words bases and other facilities. As if superimposed on the root morpheme , add to them in the structure of coherent speech. Take for example the English sentence as Cats drink milk. We see that in addition to lexical meanings expressed by the root morpheme Cat-, drink-, milk-, the proposal expresses a whole series of values : for this proposition , we know that it is not one , but several or many cats that cats are the subject of the action , and milk - its object , that action itself happened in the past , saying that tells us about what happened as a fact rather than asking us whether this event really is. Such values are signaled by the roots or not based on the words and specific means by which disparate language words are organized into meaningful statements are called grammatical or structural values . It should be noted that if the lexical meanings always sporadic and individual, then the values of grammar , in contrast, the most generalized, characterized not by a separate individual words but whole grade, class of words and groups of words. Grammatical meaning of plurality , signaled morpheme - s in cats, shared with other word forms (books, boys, tables), almost immeasurably large class of word forms nouns English : grammatical meaning of elapsed time , expressed in word form drank expressed also in word forms played, wrote, brought. It necessarily follows that the grammar of the maximum independent abstracted from lexical values. As an example, we can take the poem of English writer Lewis Carroll

"Jabberwocky", the first stanza reads:

                        Twas brillig and the slithy toves

                        Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

                        All mimsy were the borogoves,

                        And the mome raths outgrabe

All poems consists entirely of nonsense words , so no lexical meanings in it is not expressed. However, we define grammatical meanings such as plurality in words toves, borogoves, raths; uniqueness in the word wabe, elapsed time, as well as a range of values of categorical grammar describing words as belonging to one or another part of speech ( nouns toves, wabe, borogoves, raths; verbs gyre, gimble, outgrabe; adjectives brilig, slithy, mimsy, mome. This is possible because the grammatical meanings are not expressed in the root morphemes of words, which in this case do not have any values , and in particular structural signals , affixed morphemes - s, - y, official word was, and, the, did, as well as in the order of words in a string of proposals . no rigid grammatical meanings , depending on the values of lexical . If grammar in language depended on vocabulary, it is not unable to play against her organizing role . Grammar fulfills its organizing function with respect to the vocabulary of the language.

When translating important to distinguish between two cases the use of grammatical forms : free and bound . Used with the free one or another grammatical form is used in a speech at the discretion of the speaker or writer who has a free choice of one of the grammatical forms within a given category. Thus, within the category of time speaking Russian verb has a free choice of the form of time. Within the category of certainty - uncertainty expressed by the English article, the speaker has a free choice of the type of article in structures give me a book, give me the book.

When used as a bound grammatical forms use some form structurally defined - linguistic factors . For example, Russian nouns mascara and soup are only singular word form and have multiple and ink and cabbage have only plural word form and do not have a single , so that the freedom to choose the number of forms can not be considered. The choice of a grammatical form is dictated by the syntactic structure. For example, in the Russian language in a dependent position of the object with a transitive verb in the affirmative structure may be used only accusative form . Selection of a particular grammatical form is in accordance with one or other lexical units used in the design. If the sentence is adverb yesterday , the choice of the form of the verb - predicate is no longer free. Likewise, the use of adverbs in a sentence often dictates the choice of the form of the verb form : only possible form of the imperfect form , for example, he often went to the movies. When translating necessary consistency between lexical and grammatical meanings .

The main task of the translation is the transfer of certain information , or that the content and the cost of this semantic content is transmitted depends on the rules of the target language and interpreter of facing a particular problem.

Literature:

1. А.В.Феодоров «Введение втеорию перевода» М,.1953

2. Я. И. Рецкер Перевод и переводческая практика. — М.: Междунар. отношения, 1974. — 216 с

3. Борисова Л.И. Лексические особенности англо-русского научно-технического перевода. М., 2005.

4. Влахов С., Флорин С. Непереводимое в переводе. М., 1980.

5. Голикова Ж.А. Перевод с английского на русский. М., 2008.

6. Климзо Б.Н. Ремесло технического перевода. М., 2006.

7. Комиссаров В.К. Слово о переводе. М., 1973.

8. Л. Кэрролл “Through the Looking – Glass”