Ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè/ 7. ßçûê, ðå÷ü,
ðå÷åâàÿ êîììóíèêàöèÿ
N. Mongilyova - cand .philol. s ., Zh.
Nagashpaeva, of Foreign Philology Departement,
Kazakhstan, A.Baitursynov, Kostanay State University
The question of classifications medicals terms
At first glance, medical terminology is loaded with
long words. In order to better understand these words it will be easier if you
will take the time to understand how these words can be dissected into their
component parts. These smaller, more understandable components are the
“building-blocks” of the larger, more complex, words. The typical “long word’
in medical terminology is typically made up of two or more of the following:
prefix, root word(s), suffix.
Example 1: electro - cardio - gram
The prefix “electro” denotes electrical.
The root word “cardio” means heart.
The suffix ‘gram” indicates a recording
Taken together, they mean a recording of the heart’s electricity.
Example 2: hepato - megaly
The prefix “hepato” denotes liver.
The suffix “megaly” means large.
Taken together, they mean large liver.
A careful study and understanding of common prefixes, suffixes, and root
words will allow the student to better understand how to dissect large words
used in medical terminology into their component and hence, more understandable
pieces. [1] Medical vocabulary is a system of disease names with explanations
of their meanings, and a medical classification system is an organization of
medical terms into categories. Several classification systems are commonly used
in various healthcare settings. Classification systems group or categorize
healthcare terminology for various uses, which include:
·
Establishing a uniform and standard
system for healthcare reimbursement
·
Providing treatment outcome data for
indexing
·
Determining, collecting, and
reporting statistical data
·
Maintaining a database for clinical,
administrative, demographic, and statistical data
·
Monitoring of fraud, abuse and other
compliance and regulatory issues
·
Supporting quality and performance
efforts [2; 107]
According to V.V. Shkarin, N.M.
Gorohova medical terminology can be classified into seven groups.
The terms of the first group longly
used in the medical language facilitate communication of specialists and make a
definite and integral part of everyday medical lexicon. For example,
"residual" (Latin residuus - the remainder of the manifestations of
the disease); "fertility" (Latin fertilus - prolific, able to bear
children). The vast majority here are terms
borrowed from the two classical languages of medicine - Greek
and Latin. In general, they have an international application.
The second group consists of well - known and frequently used terms,
not essential to the medical professional language. For example, the term
"cadastre" which is identical to the word "register", comes
from the French «cadastre» - list, registry, "immune deposits" (Latin
depositum - something that is put into storage, deposits, savings),
"biological unprofitable" (it . rentable - profitable, the rate of production
efficiency). This group of terms is borrowed from other disciplines (economics,
history, law). Their usage enriches medical vocabulary.
The third group of terms is a transcription of foreign words, so
called europeizms. The terms "precised" (born precise - precise,
definite), "verified" (English verify - check) will not cause doubts
who knows English. Being widespread, they could be understood by most
physicians, acquiring Russian synonyms. But more often it occurs the opposite.
Inaccuracy, ambiguity in the interpretation of English transcriptions make a
controversial understanding of a scientific work. Therefore, in most cases it
is advisable to replace not well-known transcriptions of a term of exact
equivalents of Russian synonyms.
The fourth group of terms are terminological combinations,
which are not always correct in content and even controversial; they do not
carry semantic meaning. For example, "fluctuating nystagmus",
"getatsidny age," "family aggregation of rheumatism" (Latin
aggregatio - joining, merging similar or dissimilar particles in a single unit
by the physical forces of cohesion). Their unjustified and frequent use in the
medical literature leads the reader to misunderstanding of the author's
description of a disease and the work as a whole.
The fifth group consists of terms which are linguistic inventions of authors.
The sixth group consists of terms, which are the authors own inventions. For example,
all known dictionaries and encyclopedias
do not give an explanation or translation of the
words "validation of" or "indigenny".
Or a word such as
agropedotsenoz consisting of three
roots: agro (Greek
agros - field) corresponds
to the "agronomic" pedo
[Gr. pais (paidos)] - a child; coenosis (Greek
koinos) - general. Thus, the reader should understand that
this is nothing but a group of children living in the fame area of the environment.
Finally, in the seventh group
there widely and frequently used terms. [3]
According to the classification of medical
terminology proposed by M.
Cherniavsky modern Russian medical
terminology which is based on the language origin, forms
of writing, performed at the national or international levels, as well as functions
can be divided into the following groups:
1) original Russian names;
2)
borrowed classicisms, assimilated in
different degrees, adapted to the sound and morphological system of the Russian
literary language;
the vast majority of them actually performs the function of internationalisms that is terms, obtaining cross-language distribution in at least three languages from different language groups (for
example, in Latin, French,
English, German, Russian, etc.);
3) native Western
and European words that actually perform
the function of internationalisms;
4)
Latin termini technici. [4;
35-39]
Medical terminology can be
more easily understood if the following objectives are adhered to:
Dissect: First analyze the word structurally by dividing it into its basic
components.
Begin at the end: After dividing the word into its basic parts, define the suffix first,
the prefix second, and then the roots. If there are two roots, divide each and
read them from left to right.
Anatomical order: Where body systems are involved, the words usually are built in the
order in which the organs occur in the body. For example, gastroenteritis is
the proper term for inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. Because
food passes from the stomach into the small intestine, the medical term for
stomach appears before the medical term for small intestine. The order of word
parts in a medical term may also represent the order of blood flow through
organs. The exception to this involves some diagnostic procedures in which
tools or substances are passed retrograde or in the opposite direction of
anatomic order. In these cases the words are built in the order in which the
equipment passes the body part. Using these guidelines, analyze the term ovariohysterectomy.
First divide the term into its basic components: ovari/o/hyster/ectomy. Defining
from back to front, the suffix -ectomy is surgical removal, one
combining form ovari/o means ovary, and the other combining form hysteri/
o means uterus. Together the term ovariohysterectomy means surgical
removal of the ovaries and uterus. This term is based on the order in
which the ovaries and uterus are found in the body. [5]
Cimino provides a detailed
description of vocabularies and terminologies. It is useful to distinguish
vocabularies and terminologies from ontologies. Simplistically, vocabularies
and terminologies are less formal than ontologies, uniformly lacking logical
descriptions that serve to computationally define terms. As a practical matter,
most large ontologies contain a sizable fraction, if not a majority, of
“primitive” terms undefined by description logic formalisms – terminologies
remain the major mode for biomedical terminologies, if not at some levels the
exclusive mode for the present.
There is no commonly accepted
distinction between a vocabulary and terminology, though many adherents in the
field might suggest that terminologies have associated codes and hierarchies
while a simple vocabulary may comprise little more than a bag of words.
However, invocation of the moniker “controlled vocabulary,” which may imply
more formality than exists in a terminology, renders this tenuous differential
inconsistent. Vocabularies and terminologies are often described by intended
role, though few adhere to these role expectations. The most common
distinctions among terminology uses are:
-
Entry Terminologies: specifically constructed
to provide familiar and common terms and phrases readily recognized by humans.
These term collections often sacrifice precision and rigor in favor of
familiarity and jargon.
-
Reference Terminologies: semi-formal
representations of terms and concepts intended for machine interpretation.
Administrative
Terminologies: higher-level classifications which aggregate clinical findings
for particular administrative purposes. [6; 174]
Terminology is the study of terms and their
use. Terms are words and compound
words that in specific contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may
deviate from the meaning the same words have in other contexts and in everyday
language. The discipline terminology studies among other things how such terms
of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture. Terminology is
important in studying each field of activity. Medical terminology is a language for accurately describing the
human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a
science-based manner. The sense of medical terms is not easy for understanding.
Medical terms have an important role in our life.
Reference:
1http://www.acsmb.com/pdf/medwords.pdf
2 J.Bartlett. Medical Terminologies
and Classification Systems.2007.p.107
3 http://www.medicum.nnov.ru/nmj/2004/1/31.php
4
×åðíÿåâñêèé Ì.Í. Ëàòèíñêèé ÿçûê è îñíîâû ìåäèöèíñêîé
òåðìèíîëîãèè.2007.ñòð.35-39
5http://webtools.delmarlearning.com/sample_chapters/1401873812_CH01.pdf
6C. Chute. Medical concept
representation.2002.p.174
