TOSHOMANOVA D.
theory of languages and literature department senior
teacher,
Kostanay State University named after A.Baytursynov
V. SHUKSHIN’S LEXICAL DIVERSITY OF FLASH FICTION
Shukshin V. language
served an important role in the development of Russian prose of the
second half of the 20th
century.
Language
processes, that are commonly specific for belles-lettres in 60-70s and
particularly for rural prose, had been reflected there. First of all it bases on the live speech.
Social diversity
of language is reflected in Shukshin's stories.
There is a quall
of colloquial words and expressions that "falls" upon the reader when
reading the first lines of Shukshin’s stories. Commitment to the folk speech sources
is specific for the writer.
There are lots of informal conversation
Features in his books: they are proverbs, sayings, jargons, modified forms of
the word, incomplete sentences, as well as characters’ speech dialogization. It
is difficult to demarcate the literary language and daily, colloquial language
in the writer’s expression - they are inseparable.
There are also a
lot of local words and set expressions in the his characters’s language, but they never seem superfluous,
redundant, they carry their characterological function naturally and freely.
There are
different language layers in Shukshinsky’s prose: colloquial and bookish
spheres of language, common language, jargons, dialect, folklore, and fiction
languages.
It is impossible
to reflect material and spiritual culture of the peasantry not using the
specific for the folk speech words.
And in this
regard the Altai Russian village found Shukshin the best spokesman.
Let’s turn to the
above-mentioned language layers.
The colloquial
lexicon are the words, that have a bit lowered
stylistic coloring (in comparison with the neutral one) and that are
also specific for informal conversation, that is the oral literary speech, in
the conditions of easy, unprepared communication.
Shukshin uses
colloquial lexicon in the stories in a very sufficient way: crack one's
churbak, fill in time, to shuffle, scrawny, hound-gutted,
queer, screw-in, inveterate. For example:
Get there by
plane - it would be cheaper (to get – to reach, would be cheaper-would be cheaper)
("Villagers")[1, p. 31];
The rain trickled
down at night (the rain trickled down– the rain passed ) ("Fellow
countrymen") [1, p. 39].
The colloquial
lexicon is the field of the illiterate speech which entirely located outside
the literary language and not representing a unified system and having a bright
lowered stylistic coloring. Ñolloquialisms include Rough and expressional
words, for example, in V. Shukshin's writings: schmoozer, to harp on , to
rebute, mumbler , grab,
to victimize, to be obstinate, booby, cornstalk, to yatter, etc. Ñolloquialisms are
often used in texts:
Chto za
prokljatoe zhelanie ugodit' hamovatomu prodavcu, chinovniku, prosto hamu –
ugodit' vo chto by to ni stalo! (grubyj, projavljajushhij hamstvo) («Obida»)
[1, p. 143];
Devochka opjat'
zalopotala na svoem malen'kom, smeshnom jazyke (zagovorila bystro, neponjatno)
[1, s. 143].
Ñolloquialisms
are also adjoined by rough words which are called also as vulgarisms. In the
majority of cases they are abusive , curse words , such as a creature ,a
clunkhead, a blockhead, a jerk, a
damned wretch , a brock, a shit heel
«Nu narod! – dumal on, ves' ob#jatyj zabotami bol'shogo dela. – Obormoty
dremuchie» (nerazvitye ljudi) («Osen'ju») [1, p. 158];
Filipp spustja god sprosil u Pavla, muzha Mar'i: «Ne sovestno bylo? V
cerkvu-to popersja…» (poshel) [1, s. 160];
- Tebe, parazit, zhalko sapogi zamarat'…(«Stepka») [1, p. 166].
Such rough words
allow the writer to give to the dialogue a bright color, color of the speech of
the simple Russian village. Speaking curses expresses the relation of speaker
to the events, to the interlocutor or the subject of conversation.
We have
delineated groups of colloquialisms and colloquial lexicon in stories of the
writer. For example, a group with a value of "face" is a efficient
and calls person :
Pavel,
prodolzhaja neskromno razgljadyvat'
uhazhera, sprosil: - Chto, zhivesh' tam? (prost. – poklonnik)
(«Kapronovaja elochka») [1, p. 127];
- Davaj schitat',
- zloveshhe skazal Pavel. – Dvoe rebjatishek – obut', odet': paru sot uhodit v
mesjac? (razg. – deti) [1, p. 130];
Fedor i
snabzhenec stojali rjadom, spinami k vetru.
- Trepach on, -
skazal snabzhenec (prost. – o cheloveke, kotoryj mnogo govorit, obeshhaet i ne
vypolnjaet svoih obeshhanij) [1, p. 132];
- Zakroj
varezhku, - skazal nakonec Pavel. – Vorjuga (prost. – vor) [1, p. 135].
As well there is
a group of vocabulary meaning "action over someone, something." For
example:
I potom dolgo
sidel posle jetogo, dumal…Garmon' uzhe uhodila v ulicu, i uzh ee ne slyshno
bylo, a on vse sidel. Nasharival rukoj brjuki na stule, dostaval iz karmana
papirosy, zakurival (razg. – najti) [1, p. 152];
A ot Njurki
tebja, poganca, otvadim, zaranee govorju. Pridesh' sednja – tam pogovorim
(prost. – otuchit') [1, p. 136];
- Napilsja
vchera, naskandalil, a segodnja ja napomnila – sdelal vid, chto zabyl (razg. –
ustroil skandal) [1, p. 141].
You can select
and group conversational words describing the person on the external data:
- Zdravstvujte. –
Muzhchina jetak pod pjat'desjat, podzharyj, vysokij, s dlinnymi rabochimi
rukami, kotorye on ne znal kuda devat' (razg. – hudoshhavyj) («Stradanija
molodogo Vaganova») [1, p. 179];
Sam Kol'ka
Malashkin, gubastyj verzila, nahal'no smotrel malen'kimi glazami i zajavljal:
- Imeju pravo. Za
jeto nikakoj stat'i net (razg. – s tolstymi gubami) [1, p. 151];
Babka –
jenergichnaja, zhilistaja, kriklivaja, ochen' ljuboznatel'naja (prost. –
hudoshhavaja i krepkaja) [1, p. 32].
It should be
noted also that the text of the stories used another layer of extra-literary
vocabulary - jargon . " Jargon , -a, m. Conventional language of any small
social group that is different from the popular language vocabulary, but not
having its own grammatical and phonetic system ; argot " [2, p . 350 ] .
In English there are many heroes Shukshin words and phrases coming from urban
slang , which is actively assimilated language village. For example:
- Sejchas zajmem
gde-nibud'…Zavtra stipuha (stipendija) («I razygralis' zhe koni v pole») [1, p.
49];
- Chto, batja? –
sprosil detina. – Vrezhem? (vyp'em?) («Sluchaj v restorane») [1, p. 64];
- Jeto
nazyvaetsja «pokatil bochku», - skazal kandidat. – Ty chto, s cepi sorvalsja? V
chem, sobstvenno…(stal obvinjat' bez osnovanij) [1, p. 77].
In the stories we
noticed Vasily Kravchuk and functioning dialect vocabulary . To include
dialectal vocabulary words , the distribution of which is limited to a particular
territory. The most frequently encountered in the Shukshin’s stories proper lexical dialect . They call the
phenomena of nature , life, actions , etc.
For example:
Pahlo pyl'ju i
chem-to vrode zhzhenym – rezko, gor'ko. Tak pahnet, kogda kresalom b'jut po
kremniju, dobyvaja ogon' (stal'naja plastinka dlja vysekanii ognja iz kremnija)
(«Djadja Ermolaj») [1, p. 147];
Tozhe nehorosha:
net podozhdat' – zausilas' v Krajushkino! Prjam neterpezh kakoj-to (srazu
poehala, pomchalas') [1, p. 164];
S malyh let taskalsja
po tajge, promyshljal. Belkoval, a
sluchalos', medvedja-shatuna ukladyval (ohotit'sja na belok) [1, p. 47].
In general, in
Shukshin's stories the dialect lexicon makes rather low percent. But it should
be noted that along with colloquialisms and colloquial words, dialecticisms are
special lexical means of giving to the text of national, the national color. On
the example of these stories we can judge dialects, mainly the Altai territory,
which is native Vasily Kravchuk.
It was found that
in Shukshin's small prose actively functioning
such language layers, as popular speech, colloquial lexicon, rough
words, jargons and dialecticism. Shukshin, being the national writer and the
representative of "rural prose", stylistically skillfully using
extra-lexicon, able to feel the soul of the Russian people, give to works
national color.
Thus, learning a
creative manner of a narration of V. Shukshin, we learn various characters of
people from the provinces, their thoughts, feeling and actions.
The list of the used literature
1. Shukshin V. Stories. M, Publishing house of the Russian language 1979 -
375 with
2. Russian
dictionary in 4 volumes. T.1.PAH. Russian language 1999 – 472 with