ФИЛОСОФИЯ. Философия науки

Doctor of Philosophy, professor Rakhmatullin R.Yu.

Consciousness as a reflection

Bashkir State Agrarian University, Russia

Representation of consciousness as a result of the reflection type and begins to develop in the teachings of the French materialists of the XVIII century. Denis Diderot believed that consciousness is rooted in matter itself because of the presence in it the properties of "sensitivity”. In the future, the word "sensitivity" was replaced by the word "reflection". For example, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin said that all matter has the property of reflection. «Logical to assume that all matter has the property, essentially akin to sensation, reflection property», – he writes. [1, с. p. 91]. Such an understanding of reflection some philosophers call attributive, having as that reflection is considered here as a universal attribute of matter. According to the concept of reflection, consciousness is a property of highly organized matter – the human brain.

Several philosophers believed that the reflection should only speak regarding living and social systems. But in this case the question arises about the genetic origins of reflection in inanimate matter. Some authors propose to consider the problem of reflection in the context of information theory. Reflection in the living and social systems in this case is called an information interaction, which involves the active use of one or all parties to the interaction of its results. The information in this case is actual as opposed to the potential of information arising from the interaction of non-living systems. We believe the approach to defining an attribute reflect a simple, logical and consistent.

In dialectical materialism believed that consciousness is a result of the evolution of the reflection from non-living forms to consciousness. The reason for this evolution is the development of reflection mapping material systems. That process requires different classifications of forms of reflection. According to one of them should be allocated to the physico-chemical, biological, mental, social and mental reflection. The latter refers to consciousness. The first type of reflection characteristic of inanimate nature and is associated mainly structural transformations of interacting systems. The simplest manifestation of this is the deformation.

Reflection inherent biological plants and protozoa (amoebae, ciliates and the like). The first form is a reflection of biological irritability, which manifests itself in the form of taxis tropism flooring. A higher form of reflection is a biological sensitivity, which implies an increase in the selectivity of the reflection due to the appearance of special sensory cells that respond to light, heat, etc.

Carrier mental reflections are animals and the human body. On the mental level of reflection can speak with the advent of the elements of the nervous apparatus, and then the nervous system with the centers as spinal cord and brain. The initial form of biological reflection is feeling many times increases the selectivity of reflection (reflection only smell, color only, only temperature, etc.). Following the perception of sensation appears, and then view and intelligence. Mental reflection is a prerequisite for the emergence of consciousness.

Consciousness (social-psychological reflection) belongs only to man. It arises in the development of such properties of biological and mental reflection as selectivity, "signaling" and pre-emption. The last of these properties appear with the emergence of anticipatory reflection of living systems of the world. The term "anticipatory reflection" appeared in the 1960s in the works physiologist P.K. Anokhin. He discovered that the evolution of living systems crucial role played rhythmic repetition of some natural phenomena. Such constant cycles as fall-winter-spring-summer morning-day-evening-night, etc. become fundamental to the evolution. Organisms in such habitats to adapt to a particular cycle and gain the opportunity to prepare for the upcoming meeting with the phenomenon [2].

P. K. Anokhin notes how, for example, barely noticeable signs of the approaching winter, some wasps begin to excrete water and replace it with another liquid that does not freeze. "Between a series of consecutive processes occurring in the environment, and the chain of metabolic reactions, unfolding in a biological system, under repeated their established such a relationship that the first or one of the first processes of the outer row floats (induces) the whole chain of reactions of the inner row, corresponding to these influences. This underlies the formation of signal activity is rooted in the ability of living organisms to use a signal of upcoming events in the external environment for advancing these events deployment of metabolic and functional responses of adaptation ", – writes A. M. Utevsky, explaining the main idea of the concept of anticipatory reflection [3, p. 106-107].

If plants and animals are able to only some forms of opera-tion of events, in person, this phenomenon manifests itself in the highest degree. People learn to identify solar eclipses do economic, and socio-political forecasts, calculate viability is not yet created systems, etc.

Thus, consciousness is the highest form of development of anticipatory reflection of reality. In addition, it has a number of properties that distinguish it from the psyche of animals. These include: the relationship with language, perfect, dependence on social environment, logical thinking.

Reflection principle - the cornerstone of the materialist theory of knowledge, emanating from the recognition of the primacy of the external world and play it in the human mind. Reflection involves not only the impact on the subject from the outside, but also the active effect of the subject.

Literature:

1. Lenin V.I. Collected Works. 5th edition. Volume 18.

2. Anokhin P. K. Psychic form of reflection of reality / / Leninist theory of reflection and modernity. Sofia, 1969.

3. Utevsky A. M. Some aspects of the contradictory properties of biological systems / / The philosophical problems of biology. M., 1973.