A.Krasmik, O.Aimaganbetova
KBF "Tin Chellendzh Kazakhstan", Kazakh National University after Al-Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Addiction problems in the context of psychological theories
One of the urgent problems of modern society is the problem of
alcoholism and drug abuse, which in the late twentieth and early nineteenth centuries were marked by unprecedented growth,
mostly among young people. Scale and
pace of drug addiction carry
the global threat to the physical
and mental health of the world's population,
question the moral health of young people, social stability in the short term is.
Level of drug
in Kazakhstan and other Central Asian
countries compared with other
countries is very high. Directly
or indirectly, this problem affects only official data almost every
fifth inhabitant of the country.
According to statistics, the use of drugs in today reached
a critical level Kazakh society. Every tenth respondent (10,1%) tried drugs, almost 2%
(1,7%) of the respondents have a stable drug dependence (254,203 people).
Today, the number of drug addicts in
the country is 59,000 people, including 4500 minors and
4700 women. Over the past 15 years the number of drug addicts has
increased 3,5 times, and two-thirds of them are young people under the age of 30 years.
According to experts, the actual number of drug addicts in the country 10 times.
Annual growth of the number of new cases of the
population associated with the use of psychoactive substances. In addition,
numerous studies show a decrease in the age of first initiation to drug use by
teenagers and several drugs simultaneously.
Further increase in the current trends can cause
irreversible consequences for national security. The problem is also
exacerbated by an increase in consumption of drugs, their availability and the
influx of synthetic substances.
Today more than ever it is necessary to study this
problem from a scientific point of view, especially within psychology that will
give the opportunity to explore a variety of psychological aspects of the problem
For a long time the attention of researchers of
drug problems in our country has
been focused on the study of the
pharmacological effects of drugs,
the dynamics of physiological processes
and the overall health of the systematic use of psychoactive substances.
Focus is
on health and physiological aspect of the drug problem and led to its basic approach to treatment, which is reduced to the
problem of drug addiction and its
physiological dependence cupping.
Underestimation of psychological factors and
psychological mechanisms in the genesis and dynamics of addiction is reflected
in the position of the official Addiction, understanding addiction as a group
of diseases caused by the systematic use of drugs and reactivity changes
manifested in mind and physiological dependence, as well as in some other psychological
and social phenomena.
However, today was developed another approach that the
problem of drug use should be considered not only as a medical, physiological
problem, but primarily as psychological.
Analysis and systematization of the literature on this
issue has shown that in the context of contemporary psychological theories are
different from each other point of view on the problem of drug addiction.
Behavioral approaches.
Supporters defend the idea of this trend continuing influence of the social
environment on man.
Because of the "inferiority" of social development,
the addict tries to avoid any form of responsibility becomes suspicious and
unfriendly towards those whom he considers to be part of the world threatening.
Hence the union of addicts in the group is one of the social needs inherent addictions.
Members of the group combine the need to produce the drug.
It is no hierarchy; all its members
have equal rights and responsibilities
for virtually no relation to each
other. Once caught up in such a group, the addict is difficult to escape from
there, as she offers him all the
things in the real world, he cannot get. In freaky
group all the same as he, him there quickly and easily. Having broken out, he turns as if
in another world, where he meets a
misunderstanding, condemnation, alienation, aggression is not only his
family but also society as a whole.
Behavior aimed at the acquisition and drug use : the law
and neither the police nor the control of society and the family , nor the lack
of money and material resources nor many other things that could be an
insurmountable obstacle for a person not suffering from drug addiction is not
an obstacle for addict. There is always this complex chain of behavioral acts
and events completed with positive reinforcement bright experiencing, bodily
component. Abstinence means abandoning the ultra-efficient behavior in favor of
action in an unstructured environment hostile to the same low probability of success.
Thus, drug addiction can be regarded as highly adaptive
mode of behavior, which is the rejection of the non-adaptive step with a risk
of uncertainty and responsibility for themselves. In this case, the behavior
does not guarantee the temperance man or happiness, nor the ease of being a
drug addict drug use ensures the "disappearance" of the world and its
problems. Moreover, a drug addict is no clear idea of the possibilities of
acting achievement confirmed the desired status, embodied in the success. If
rehabilitation program does not give a clear answer to the question: "And
what in return?" - It is ineffective.
Cognitive
approach. Most common in explaining the causes and consequences of drug abuse within the cognitive approach found the concept of locus
of control. Thus, according to Rotter,
some people attribute their conduct internal reasons; others explain it by
external circumstances. Addicts attribute
their conduct external
circumstances. They are convinced that they use drugs
due to the fault of others or because of an event.
Therefore, one of the reasons why they cannot
quit using drugs is the lack of internal controls. This approach helps to reveal the complexity of interactions
between humans and emerging situations.
But his representatives, however,
did not say why
one is inclined to see the reason
for his behavior in itself,
and the other - in
the other.
Psychoanalytic
approach. Psychoanalytic studies of addiction are generally reduced to an explanation
of dependence as defects
in psychosexual maturation,
leading to oral
frustration that leads
to oral fixation.
Another explanation for addiction in the psychoanalytic approach is the fixation on the anal stage or at the anal and oral stage of
development simultaneously.
On the basis of such an explanation, the relationship is
seen as a regression, which can be stopped by removing this regression.
Since it can never be fully satisfied, then a frustrated
person reacts with hostility, and if it is closed in itself, it leads to mental
collapse. For such people, the drug is a means of exempting from frustration by
inducing euphoria. Stigmatization that accompanies drug use only reinforces
hostility and simultaneously leads to increased feelings of guilt.
Addict is irresponsible, unable to achieve success in any
of the areas of social or economic activity. His connections with the real
world violated and protection from the adverse effects ineffective. Interested,
"programmed" exclusively on the acquisition and drug use, they do not
appreciate the relationship between people and are only interested in their own
pleasure from the action of these drugs. Defective connections with other
people are the result of a defective "I junkie whose libido is blurred
erotic concept".
Despite the fact that many authors consider psychoanalytic direction addiction as a peculiar variety of masturbation, a more careful analysis
indicates the presence of a deep intrapersonal conflict reaching the oral stage of psychosexual development.
The essence of this regression is that the person returns
to the developmental period when
life was easier, no problems,
fear, and guilt. This regression can mean weakness of the
"I" of pain and frustration.
We believe that the psychoanalytic approach to therapy,
psychological dependence is ineffective precisely because addiction is not a
direct result of the parent-child relationship and child injuries. Addiction
develops on the basis of actual occurring during adolescence in communication
between adult and child and / or adolescent environment mental stress.
It is in the sphere of relations, as we believe, the
first time the ground for the development of addiction. Thus, the analyst will
work with a "prerequisite for reasons", but not with the cause.
Transactional Analysis.
In Eric Berne's theory we do not find a clear definition and understanding
of the nature of addiction. In accordance with his theory of normal personality
development occurs when the most important aspects of Parent, Adult and Child
consistent with each other. These are peopling with good boundaries I, which
may have serious internal conflicts, but who are able to balance the Parent,
Adult or Child, so that "allow" everyone to fulfill their functions.
In this regard, many researchers suggest that a drug addict dominates one ego -
state, it is probably child or one ego state infected others.
Addiction can also be considered, and as a game in which
each participant (this may include family members, associates, "saving"
of the organization) takes a position. Game - is, in fact, artificial behavior,
inability to achieve spontaneity. When there is no sincerity - is playing some
established and familiar situations. In the game, each seemingly gets some benefit,
but the participants in such circumstances cannot be developed, modified, and
therefore are not able to resolve this issue, do what could lead to recovery.
A systematic
approach. With the system approach addiction can be defined as a
system complex, which includes elements different in nature, the level and
dynamics. If we look at addiction in terms of systemic family therapy, it is a
family disease, "family problem". Addict "involves" a
disease of all people close to him who formed codependency
She, in turn, prevents adequate perception of reality,
distorts the nature of intra - interaction and thus captures the psychological
dependence. If an adult family member (father or mother) are dependent on
psychoactive substances, it is detrimental to the child even before he began to
directly use them. A child growing up in such a family is dysfunctional element
system and is affected by the whole complex of factors leading to the
development of the disease. Growing up, he will bring his experience in
adulthood and is likely to become chemically dependent himself or tie his life
with a chemically dependent person.
Certainly, a
systematic approach holds significant promise in the analysis of drug addiction as a complex and multi-level phenomena. However, we
note that a systematic analysis of
addiction inevitably leads to the
realization that the factors of formation and fixation depending on narcotic substances differ in origin and method
of operation, and in its structural complexity and "orientation".
Thus, examining
the problem of drug abuse in the
context of psychological theories, we see that none of them can not fully explain
the phenomena associated with
drug use, without resorting to
borrowing from other theories,
ignoring the fact that "stubbornly
explained" or use in assumptions as statements
that do not have a logical or theoretical basis.
Literature:
1. Glover E.
Alcoholism and drug addiction. B: Glover E.: The technique of psychoanalysis,
N.I. 1963. - Р.189.
2. Lesswing N.,
Dougherty R. Psychopathology in alcohol and cocaine -dependent patients: a
comparison of findings from psychological testing // J. Subst. Abuse Treat.
1993. V, 10. N1. Р.53-57.
3. Оverall J. ММРI реrsonality
pattern of alcoholies and narcotic addicts // Quart J. Study Alcohol. 1973. - V
.34. - Р. 10-25.
4. Eric Berne. Games
people play. Translated from English. - Moscow: Publishing House Eskmo Press,
2012. – 352 p.