Alibekova V.N.
Master of Finans
Taraz State University, Taraz
PERSPECTIVES
AND PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN AND INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF KAZAKHSTAN IN
MODERN CONDITIONS
The
big changes in the Kazakhstan economy connected with transition to market
conditions affected all spheres of economic life of the country. During
independence of RK in agrarian and industrial complex of the country
considerable results are reached: constant increase in production on the basis
of the market relations is observed, efficiency and labor productivity
increase, updating of fixed assets and restoration of infrastructure of branch
were made, self-reliance on the main food is reached, there was a significant
growth in export of grain, oil-bearing crops, production of fishery.
The
agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan represents one of the primary
reproduction branches of economy of the republic. The one third part of
National Income is produced in Agro-Industrial complex. The agro-industrial
complex is a set of the branches in the national economy connected among
themselves by the economic relations concerning production, distribution, an
exchange and consumption of agricultural production. It includes the branches
providing production of agricultural products, its processing, storage and
realization, production of agrarian and industrial goods and services. More
than 80 branches of a national economy indirectly participate in this complex
at different stages of production and the address directly and indirectly.
The
agro-industrial complex consists of three branches: agriculture, food industry
and food retail. The agriculture is important part of economy of Kazakhstan and
gives most of all workplaces among other branches which aren't connected with
mining. In 2011 the share of agricultural production of gross domestic product
(further GDP) the countries made 5,1%, agricultural labor productivity occupied
since 2005 till 2011 changed from 304,2 thousand tenges on one occupied to 498
thousand tenges, with average annual growth rates of 9,3% a year, in rural
areas lived about 7,48 million people or more than 45% of all population of
Kazakhstan. In 2006 - 2011 the volume of agricultural production promptly
increased mainly thanks to increase of productivity. So, the output in a meat
segment grew on average for 12% a year, and in the grain – for 9%.
One
of the main conditions of dynamic development of agrarian and industrial
complex is balance of all three of spheres; on their contribution to the cost
of the final product it is possible to judge the arising disproportions. In the
developed countries the main part of the final product is created in the third
sphere. It provides complex waste-free processing of agricultural raw
materials, its storage, packing and packing of finished goods. In the USA in
this sphere about 80% of retail cost of a product, in Western Europe – about
75%, whereas in Kazakhstan – no more than 40% are created.
There
are 8 subcomplexes acording to branch signs: grain - grocery, potatoes -
grocery, beet sugar, fruit-vegetable-canning, grape and wine-making, meat,
dairy, oil and fat. All these subcomplexes aren't uniform formations as
production of agricultural products, its processing and realization are carried
out in several interconnected spheres presented by the independent enterprises.
It is possible to allocate three leading subcomplexes: grain - grocery, meat
and dairy. The grain-grocery subcomplex of the republic represents the
vertically integrated structure, its organizational and production communications
is characterized by insufficient balance and uneven rates of development of a
complex of the forming productions.
Especially
low rates of development increased in it the overworking and infrastructure
spheres. Big losses of grain and grain products are connected with it. Annually
on joints of the branches which are engaged in production of grain, and
carrying out its storage and processing about 20% of the grown-up crop are
lost.
Incomplete
use of the available raw material resources, territorial dissociation of
technologically interconnected branches is the main reasons of losses. The
unreasonable interregional and interstate transportations of raw materials and
production interfaced to heavy transportation costs and losses. The existing
economic mechanism of a subcomplex doesn't meet requirements of the developing
market economy and doesn't provide coordination, coherence and necessary
joining of all links of production of the final products that eventually,
conducts to destabilization of the consumer market of food stuff. Forming
considerable part of fund of grain resources, the republic covers the needs for
finished goods due to own production for 90-95%.
In
structure of the grain made in the republic the greatest specific weight is
made by wheat, mainly strong and firm grades for which cultivation in
Kazakhstan there were favorable soil climatic conditions. However unreasonable
placement of production and purchases of wheat on areas, without zone features
led to placement of crops and formation of fodder cultures in the republic by
the residual principle. It caused a disproportion between funds of food and
fodder grain. At the level of security with the foodgrain exceeding norm, the
need for the fodder is satisfied for only 80%.
At
annual export of 3,5-4,0 million t. strong wheat and 200-400 thousand tons.
solid wheat, the need for raw materials of the flour-grinding industry will be
satisfied respectively for 70-75% and 40-50%.
In
agrarian and industrial complex of Kazakhstan are allocated regional
agro-industrial complexes (interregional, regional) and microcomplexes -
agro-industrial formations (associations, agricultural firms, the
agro-industrial enterprises).
The
structure of agro-industrial complex of the republic is difficult, dynamic and is
defined by extent of development of productive forces and level of public needs
for its final product.
In
2011 in agriculture it was occupied 2196,1 thousand people (26% of total number
occupied), from them hired - 604,8 thousand people (27,5% from occupied in
sector), independently busy - 1591,3 thousand people (72,5% from occupied in
sector).
Cultivated
areas in RK in 2011 was 21083 thousand hectares. The wheat was about 65,7% (13
848,9 thousand hectares) of all cultivated areas. The grain crops were taken
over 76,9% (16 219,4 thousand hectares) of all cultivated areas in 2011.
Livestock number for the beginning of 2012 made 5,7 million heads of KRS
(further - KRS), 18,1 million heads of a small cattle (further - MRS), 1,6
million heads of horses, 1,2 million heads of pigs, 0,17 million heads of
camels and 32,9 million heads of birds.
Suitable
for agriculture (without preliminary melioration) the areas make 39 million
hectares. Indicators the characterizing agrarian and industrial complexes of
Kazakhstan, are presented in table 1.
Table
1. Production of processing, one billion tenges
|
Indexes |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
|
Production of food |
490,8 |
623,5 |
629,8 |
695,2 |
828,0 |
|
Processing and
conservation of meat and production of meat products |
50,2 |
59,7 |
69,7 |
77,6 |
102,8 |
|
Processing and
conservation of fish, Crustacean and mollusks |
6,3 |
6,9 |
7,3 |
8,1 |
9,6 |
|
Processing and
conservation of fruit and vegetables |
68,2 |
60,8 |
69,6 |
68,3 |
87,6 |
|
Production of
vegetable and animal oils and fats |
43,6 |
60,4 |
42,9 |
85,6 |
72,3 |
|
Production of dairy
products |
89,4 |
101,5 |
103,5 |
117,3 |
132,8 |
|
Production of products
of the flour-grinding industry, starches and starched products |
79,3 |
133,2 |
128,0 |
119,6 |
168,2 |
|
Production of bakery
and flour products |
89,8 |
110,8 |
115,3 |
120,1 |
133,6 |
|
Production of other
food |
57,0 |
82,5 |
86,2 |
90,9 |
109,0 |
|
Production of
ready-made feeds for animals |
6,9 |
7,6 |
7,4 |
7,8 |
12,1 |
Source:
RK statistically agency
At
the same time at strategic planning of development of agro-industrial
production it is necessary to consider a number of the factors which are
negatively influencing efficiency of agricultural production:
–
soils of Kazakhstan in the natural state have low productive properties and
constantly need improvement;
–
desertification captured 66% (179,9 million hectares) of the territory of the
republic;
–
arable lands lost about 1/3 humuses;
–
the arable land loses in 240 times more of nutrients, than receives as a result
of introduction of mineral fertilizers;
–
the contamination of fields a sow-thistle and a wormwood sharply reduces quality
of the collected grain which according to the characteristics comes nearer to
fodder more and more.
Are
the most essential reasons of decline in production in agriculture:
–
destruction of the existing control system of a national economy without creation
of the new forms adequate of market economy,
–
the fast, unprepared and unreasoned privatization which isn't considering
territorial and branch specifics of a national economy, especially in
agriculture;
–
low marketability of country farms;
–
reduction of investment activity of the state and loss of control of monetary
circulation;
–
strengthening of disparity of prices for products of the industry and
agriculture;
–
existence of interregional trade barriers;
–
backwardness of the markets of agricultural production;
–
demographic and personnel problems in agrarian and industrial complex;
–
rise in price of credit resources.
One
more problem is violation of integration communications between producers of
agricultural raw materials and its processors. The considerable part of the
income because of imperfection of its inter industry redistribution is
withdrawn from a rural producer. As a result in products cost the share of
expenses of producers of agricultural raw materials makes 60-80%, and in profit
it doesn't exceed 15% as the bulk of an additional product is appropriated by
the overworking and trade enterprises, and also is withdrawn through taxes by
the state. Government procurements stopped being the effective motivational
mechanism for farmers, and the enterprises of processing industry have no
sufficient means for a solution of the problem of high prices of agricultural
raw materials [3].
Present
situation in agrofood sector of economy have been stabilized production of main
types plant growing and in recent years the considered period the steady growth
of a grain yield, potatoes and vegetables is observed.
List
of materials
1.
The program for development of Agro-industrial complex in
the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2013-2020 (Agrobusiness - 2020), Astana, 2012
2.
RK agency statistically. Kazakhstan: 1991-2011, Information and analytical
collection. Almaty, 2011
3.
Management problems in the conditions of transition to the market. - Almaty:
Gylym, 2009.-150