Èñòîðèÿ/
2. Îáùàÿ èñòîðèÿ
History/ 2. World history
Ph.D
student Kozybayeva M.M.
L.N.
Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Republic of Kazakhstan
In the process of
forming a new Soviet society in the years 1920-1930 in Kazakhstan before the
authorities got a big task - the creation of the Soviet man. To do this it was
necessary to change the consciousness of the Asian man to teach him and give
him a culture. The Bolsheviks as representatives of the western Russian
culture, believed that Asia is far from progress. Kazakhs were nomads and
nomads for representatives of Western culture is, above all, the savages who do
not have their own culture, religious crushed with patriarchal feudal
survivals.
For example, in
"Proceedings of the Akmola provincial committee of the RCP (B)» ¹7-8 1923
edition, which was used for official purposes, published an article "On
the anti-religious propaganda among the Kirghiz. “Here the author does not
mince words, shows the overall general point of view of the authorities on the
local population: “The Kyrgyz people uncultured, poor talent for abstract
reasoning and concepts: this is confirmed by the abundance in the Kyrgyz
language words denoting the concept of private and lack of ... expressing
general more abstract concepts” [1, p.23]. We doubt the degree of ownership by
the author of this article Kazakh (Kyrgyz) language, otherwise he would not
raise the question of its semantic richness.
The state power
set itself the task of eliminating these backward, promoting Russian culture
among the population. There were a little industrial plants and factories in
the cities of Kazakhstan was, it was believed that there had not been formed
the working class, which was the dominant power in the Soviet revolution. This
class needed to create what had been implemented in the general elimination of
illiteracy and industrialization.
However, not all
layers had access to education. In the late 1920s, the party cleaning from
alien elements in the country had influenced on the education system in the
cities of northern Kazakhstan. This is evidenced by the materials of Akmola
District Board of Education for cleaning school from children of alien elements
(July 8, 1927 - April 6, 1929), stored in the archives of the city of Astana.
In this file,
there are lists of students of schools and teachers which to be expulsion and
dismissal, made by local management on the basis check of labor biographies
citizens. There were also received letters in school organization from students
who studying family biography, trying to save the reputation and good name of
the parents asked for the opportunity to finish the training. It is ironic that
after the party calls for universal literacy, many were unable to complete
their studies due to adverse past of parents.
Applications of
students and their parents full of despair are of great interest. For example,
there is an application to the school committee of Kiyevskoye Village
(Revolutsionnaya Volost’) by student Natalya Telitchenkova: “My father is
disfranchised. I don’t know, maybe his vote is restored. But maybe you have
another reason, I don’t know it. I want to study. Please do not reject my
request” [2, fol.2]. The visa is: “to be expelled”.
Another example
is the letter of Aleksandr Mikhailovich Pugin to the Teachers Council of the
Budenovskaya Seven-Year School of January 31, 1929: “In view of the fact that…
my daughter Nadezgda Pugina is in the expelling list as an alien element, I
consider it my duty to state that: I have never been neither trader nor
exploiter and never had unearned income; I do not have any property”. Mr. Pugin
asked the school leaders not to expel his daughter until the circumstances are
clarified. Although this fact evidently did not have any effect, as there is a
visa on the document: “To be expelled as a daughter of alien element (former
police servant)” [2, fol.3].
The same
teachers' meeting of the commission for the revision of the lists of students,
intended expulsion from school as children of alien elements, received a
complaint from a citizen Chuntonov Efim A. from 2 February 1929. In a
statement, describing in detail his working career, said: “...I ask the
commission until the final resolution of the issue in my petition - my daughter
Anastasia out of school is not excluded thereby enable she to continue teaching
as daughters of permanent clerical employment, and do not take me alien elements”
[2, fol. 10].
According to the
general installation have been checked and teachers. In September 1928 a
special committee "to verify the composition of the teaching
profession" studied the issue for further finding in the apparatus of
public education of second-stage school teacher Aleksandr Krasnoshtanov, the secretary of the District
Department of Public Education Kononov and head of the 2nd Soviet school
Shukhov. This committee at the meeting of September 6, 1928, based on the
materials of the involvement of teachers to participate in the
counter-revolutionary movement in the detachment of Kolchak and in suppressing
of peasant uprising in Atbasar district in 1919, decided their “alien elements
as Soviet power” to remove the work [3, fol.110].
One of secret
letters of March 1930 to the Department of Education contains the following
delation: “Our educational personnel are still littered by socially alien
people. For example, two teachers work in Prirechenskoye Village
(Revolutsionnyi Region). One of them is the daughter of former White Guard
officer Volosnikov. Another is the daughter of an inveterate kulak Andreev who
is now condemned for agitation and has a prison term. Both teachers carry on
agitation that nobody has food in the district and many families died from
hunger in Akmolinsk. They also have a hostile attitude to the Soviet
government” [3, fol. 67]. The facts about their origin were confirmed, and they
were dismissed. This trend attention to the descendants of unreliable people
got its development in the years of mass political repressions. For a long time
the descendants of citizens were deprived of the right to good education due to
social origin.
Overall, despite
the limitations, yet the main merit of Soviet education was universal illiteracy
elimination. Thus, the census of 1939 gave the following figures for the
literacy of urban populations in areas of Northern Kazakhstan. In Akmola region
overall literacy rate was 80.6% of them - from 9 to 49 years - 85.7% (men
92.8%, women 77.6%), with 50 years and older - 39.6 (59 7 and 23.3). In
Kustanai region literacy was 85%, up to 49 years - 90.7% (95.5 - men, 85.6%
women). Pavlodar oblast general literacy - 79, 8%, to 49 years - 85.8%. In the
North-Kazakhstan region - 84.6%, literacy to 49 years - 90.2%. Census data
showed the overall results of the policy on universal secondary education, as
well as the elimination of illiteracy among the population [4, p.123].
Thus, public
education was available due to being free, but still in the epoch of the
totalitarian regime in the organization access to education, as well as other
spheres of social life, it is limited to certain categories of people, the
so-called alien elements.
Reference:
1. Proceedings of
Akmola provincial committee of the RCP (b), ¹7-8, September-October 1923.
2. State Archives
of Astana city (SAA). Fund 98, Inventory 2, File 1.
3. SAA. Fund 98,
Inventory 2, File 3.
4. All Union Population
Census 1926. 1928-1929. CSO publication of the USSR.