Æұáàíàçàð Àñàíîâ, ôèëîëîãèÿ ғûëûìäàðûíûң äîêòîðû.

Қàçàқñòàí.  Àқòөáå қàëàñû.

«ҚÀÐÀÑÀÉ-ҚÀÇÈ» ÝÏÎÑÛÍÛҢ ÏÎÝÒÈÊÀÑÛ

 

       «Қàðàñàé-Қàçè» ýïîñû –  Åä³ãå ұðïàқòàðû òóðàëû ýïîñòàðäûң á³ð ñàëàñû.Òàðèõқà æүã³íñåê: Åä³ãåäåí Íұðàääèí, Íұðàääèííåí Îқàñ, Îқàñòàí Ìұñà, Ìұñàäàí Àëøàғûð, Àëøàғûðäàí Îðàқ, Îðàқòàí Қàðàñàé ìåí Қàçè òóғàí. «Қàðàñàé-Қàçèäûң» îòûçғà òàðòà íұñқàñû áàð. Ìұíäàғû áàñòû êåé³ïêåðëåðä³ң á³ð³ Әä³ë áîëóûíà áàéëàíûñòû, қàéñûá³ð³ «Әä³ë ñұëòàí» äåï àòàëàäû.Ýïîñòà òүðê³ëåðä³ң ñàëò-äәñòүð æûðëàðû îðûí àëғàí. Æûð âåðñèÿëàðûíûң ïîýòèêàñûí òåêñåðãåíäå, îíäàғû æîқòàóëàðғà òîқòàëìàé өòóãå áîëìàéäû. Қàðàñàé ìåí Қàçèäûң, Әä³ë ñұëòàííûң òàðèõè òұëғàëàð åêåí³í, Òүðêèÿíûң ûқïàëûìåí Қûðûì қàëғàñû Әä³ë ñұëòàííûң Èðàí æåð³íå æîðûқ æàñàï, ñîë æîðûқòà қîëғà òүñ³ï өëãåí³ òàðèõè øûíäûқ åêåí³í åñêåðñåê, îíûң өë³ì³íå àðíàëғàí æîқòàóëàðäûң äà áîëғàíûíà  åø êүìәí æîқ. Åíäåøå, æàñ ñұëòàííûң àçàï àñòûíäà өëãåí òðàãåäèÿëûқ æàғäàéûíà áàéëàíûñòû øûққàí ñàé-ñүéåêò³ ñûðқûðàòàð æîқòàóëàðäûң «Әä³ë ñұëòàí» æûðûíûң қàëûïòàñóûíà á³ðäåí-á³ð íåã³ç áîëғàíû àқèқàò. Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã íұñқàñûíäàғû Әä³ëä³ң әéåë³í³ң:

                                       ...Àé, åë êөøñå äå ìåí êөøïåí,

                                       Àðòàðғà  ìåí³ì òүéåì æîқ.

                                       Åë қîíñà äà ìåí қîíìàí,

                                       Áàéëàðғà ìåí³ì áèåì æîқ.

                                       Îðäàñûí åë  ò³êñå äå ìåí ò³êïåí,

                                       Óàé, ìåí³ì àéқàñûï  îéíàð èåì æîқ... [1,65], – äåï æîқòàóû íåìåñå «Қàðàñàé-Қàçèäûң» Қàøàғàí íұñқàñûíäà  øåøåñ³í³ң:

                                       Àëäûðà қàëғàí àқ Îðäà,

                                       Әä³ë³ì ñàғàí ê³ðåð ìå?

                                       Àðқàñû құòñûç Àқòàáàí,

                                       Әä³ë³ì ñàғàí ì³íåð ìå?

                                       Àóûëûìíûң үñò³íå

                                       Áèëåð êåңåñ құðàð ìà?

                                       Áèëåð áàñû құðàëûï,

                                       Êөң³ë³ìä³ ñұðàð ìà?

                                       Îòûðñàì íåғûï òұðàðìûí,

                                       Қàðàғûң àìàí êåëåä³ äåï

                                       Åñò³ð ìå åêåí құëàғûì? [2,159],  –  äåï àһ ұðóû òûңäàóøûñûí áåé-æәé қàëäûðìàñû õàқ.

           Қàçàқòûң «Қàðàñàé-Қàçè» æûðûíûң íұñқàëàðûíäà äà, íîғàé âåðñèÿñûíäà äà òүñ êөðóãå êåң îðûí áåð³ëãåí. Òүñ êөðó – қàһàðìàíäûқ ýïîñқà òәí íәðñå. Ìәñåëåí, «Қîáûëàíäû áàòûð», «Àëïàìûñ áàòûð» ñèÿқòû êëàññèêàëûқ ýïîñòàðäà òүñ êөðóãå àéðûқøà ìәí áåð³ëãåí.   

      «Қàðàñàé-Қàçèäûң» Қàøàғàí íұñқàñûíäà Әä³ëä³ң қàðûíäàñû ²ëèÿ òүñ êөð³ï, қóàíûï îÿíûï, ұéûқòàï æàòқàí øåøåñ³í òұðғûçàäû. Òүñ³ìäå àғàì æàíûìà êåë³ï қîëûìíàí òàғàì áåð³ï æүðì³í, òîðғà òүñ³ï қàëäûì äåï, өç³íåí-өç³ íàëûï òұð äåéä³. Ñөéòñå øåøåñ³ äå òүñ êөð³ï æàòûð åêåí. Òүñ³ìäå áàëàì қàñûìà êåë³ï, äәì òàòûï, ñîäàí ñîң æåò³ қàáàò òåì³ð үéä³ң òөð³íäå æàòûðìûí Қàðàñàé äîñûì ìåí³ ³çäåìåä³ äåï àðûç àéòòû äåéä³ êåìï³ð.

     «Әä³ë ñұëòàííûң» Ә.Ñèêàëèåâ æàçûï àëғàí Íîғàé íұñқàñûíäà äà Әä³ëä³ң øåøåñ³:

                                         ...Әä³ë³ì ì³íãåí àқ øàë àò

                                       ʳñ³ àñòûíäà êөð³íä³,

                                       Åð ìûðàäû åê³ àÿқ

                                       Ñîçûëûңқû êөð³íä³,

                                       Åð ìåäåó³ åê³ қîë

                                       Áүã³ë³ңê³ êөð³íä³,

                                       Åð øûðàғû åê³ êөç

                                       Æұìûëûңқû êөð³íä³... [3,116],  – äåï қàéғûëû òүñ³í áàÿí åòåä³.

                 Æûð íұñқàëàðûíäàғû íåá³ð êөðêåì êåñòåë³ ñөçäåð ýïîñòûң қàä³ð-қàñèåò³í үñòåìåëåé àðòòûðàäû. «Қàðàñàé-Қàçèäàғû»:

                                       ... Ìåí õàñ àñûëäàí áîëàðìûí,

                                       Êүðê³ðåñåì êүíäåé ñîғàðìûí,

                                       Êүëñåì æàéìà øóàқ áîëàðìûí.

                                       Ìåí áóûðûëøà àòòàí ìûқòûìûí,

                                       Áұғàëûқ ñàëñàң үçåðì³í.

                                       Ìåí áóûðøûííàí ìûқòûìûí

                                       Ìұçғà ñàëñàң ìұңàéìàí.

                                       Ìåí òîëàðñàқòàí қèñûқïûí

                                       Òåçãå ñàëñàң òүçåëìåí.

                                       Ìåí àøûëìàñ қàðà òұìàíìûí,

                                       Êөëäåíåң æàòқàí қàðà øұáàð æûëàíìûí, –  äåãåí Қàðàñàéäûң ñөç³, «Әä³ë ñұëòàíäàғû» ñұëó қûçäûң êөðê³í ñèïàòòàéòûí:

                                       Åé, êåðåãåäåí қàðàғàí,

                                       Äåñòåëåï øàøûí òàðàғàí,

                                       Ìîéûíû àëìàíûң ñàáûíäàé,

                                       Áұғàғû àқáөêåíí³ң òàңûíäàé,

                                       Æàñû áàéòàқ, æàëқûí øàø,

                                       Қîáàғû ìұðûí, қèғàø қàñ,

                                       Áåò³í àéäàé áàëқûòûï,

                                       Êөç³í ñóäàé òîëқûòûï,

                                       Îìûðàóûí ñàëқûòûï,

                                       ȳñ³í æұïàð àңқûòûï,

                                       Ñûáûð-ñûáûð ñөéëåñ³ï,

                                       Ñûңқûëäàñûï êүë³ñ³ï.... [1,66 ],  –  äåãåí æîëäàð îñûíûң àéғàғû. Ìұíû òåðåң òүñ³íó үø³í àêàäåìèê Ð.Íұðғàëèäûң «Áåéíåë³ë³êò³ áîëìûñòûң ôîòîãðàôèÿñû äåï ұқïàéìûç, ñóðåòêåð қèÿëûìåí åêøåëãåí құáûëûñòàðäûң á³ð³í-á³ð³ ñәóëëåíä³ðó³ àðқûëû òóғàí ñîíû әëåì äåï á³ëåì³ç» [4,146],  –  äåãåí òұæûðûìûí åñêå àëғàí äұðûñ.

                                       Åé, êүëä³ð äå êүëä³ð ê³ñ³íåò³ï

                                       Êүðåңä³ ì³íåð ìå åêåíì³ç!

                                       Êүäåð³äåí áàó òàғûï

                                       Êөáåí³ êèåð ìå åêåíì³ç.

                                    ...Òөáåäåã³ òөðò æұëäûçäû îңғà àëûï,

                                       Қîíûðàóëû íàéçà қîëғà àëûï,

                                       Қîңûð ñàëқûí òөñêå àëûï,

                                       Әóåëã³äåé ғàëòàқ êүí –

                                       Á³ç åíä³ æîðòóûë æîðòàð ìà åêåíì³ç! [1,66],  –  äåãåí ғàæàéûï өðíåêò³ Àқòàìáåðä³ Ñàðûұëûíûң (1675-1768) ñөçäåð³ìåí ñàëғàñòûðà қàðàñàңûç «қàçàқû åí òàңáà» êөçãå ұðàäû. 

        Áàòûðëàðäûң ñîғûñ үñò³íäåã³ қèìûëû æûð íұñқàëàðûíäà àñқàқòàòà æûðëàíàäû. Ìәñåëåí, Қàéðîëëàäà:

                                       Êүíøûғûñòàí Қàðàñàé,

                                       Êүíáàòûñòàí Åð Қàçè,

                                       «Îðàқ!» äåï æàóғà øàáàäû.

                                       «Îðàқ» äåãåí äàóûñû

                                       Æåð-äүíèåí³ æàðàäû.

                                       Қàëàäà æàòқàí әñêåðä³ң

                                       Құëàғûíà áàðàäû.

                                       Қàðàñàé, Қàçè êåë³ïò³,

                                       Åê³ æàқòàí òè³ïò³

                                       Қàëàäàí øûғûï êåòïåñåê,

                                       Á³çãå ñàëàð áүë³êò³,

                                       Êåëñå á³çä³ қîéìàñ» äåï,

                                       «Ìұíäà æүð³ï áîëìàñ» äåï,

                                       Òүí³ìåí қàøûï áîëûïòû [5],  –  äåï ñèïàòòàëñà,       Íұðïåé³ñ áàòûðëàðäûң ìàéäàí äàëàñûíäàғû îéûíûí àñқàí øàáûòïåí æûðëàï, êөðêåìä³ã³í áұäàí äà àñûðûï æ³áåðåä³:

                                       Àëøûííûң ұëû Àëàóûң

                                       Òàñòàäû ³ë³ï æàëàóûí.

                                       Æүç áàòûðûí æүçä³ð³ï

                                       Áұçäû æàóäûң қàìàóûí.

                                       Àéñàíûң ұëû Àõìåò

                                       Àéáûíû êүøò³ құä³ðåò

                                       Á³ð áүé³ðäåí îë òèä³,

                                       Æàóàð êүíäåé êүðê³ðåï.

                                       Қàìàëäû áұçûï êåòò³ өò³ï

                                       ѳëê³í³ï äүíèå äүð³ëäåï.

                                       Òèãåííåí æàóäû åң³ðåòò³,

                                       Êөí ñàäàқòû Êөðáåòò³

                                       Òàñ қîðғàíäû òàëқàíäàï,

                                       Òàð êåçåңíåí îë äà өòò³.

                                       Қàòóëû áàòûð Қàðòқîæàқ

                                       Àçó ò³ñ³í қàéðàäû  [6,287].

         Íұñқàëàðäà æîðûққà қàòûñқàí áàòûðëàðäûң àòòàðû àòàëûï îòûðàäû, ìәñåëåí, Íұðïåé³ñòå îñû àòàëғàí áàòûðëàðäàí áàñқà Æàңáûðøûұëû Àғûñ, Қàçғàíñұð áàð. Àë Қàéðîëëà íұñқàñûíäà– Àéñàíûң ұëû Àõìåò, Àëøûí ұëû Àëóà, òîғûç  æàñàð Қàçáàí, Áåã³ìí³ң ұëû Æàíàé, Қàðàíûң ұëû Ñèäàқ, Ìәë³êò³ң ұëû Øîðà, Æàңáûðøûíûң áàëàñû Îíáàé ìåí Øîòàé, Қàðñûíûң ұëû Òàðғûí, Қîÿíàқ ұëû Қàðòқîæàқ, Êөêøåí³ң ұëû Қîñàé, Æàңáûðøûíûң ұëû Òåëàғûñ áàð.

        Ýïîñ íұñқàëàðûíäà Åð Òàðғûííûң әêåñ³í³ң àòû әðòүðë³ àòàëàäû. Қàøàғàíäà «Қàðñûíûң ұëû Åð Òàðғûí» äåë³íñå, Ìұðàòòà «Åñòåðåê ұëû Åð Òàðғûí» äåë³íåä³. Åð Òàðғûííûң өçãå ұëò âåðñèÿëàðûíäàғû әêåñ³í³ң àòû òұðàқñûç, ìûñàëû, íîғàéäûң «Ìàìàé» æûðûíäà á³ð æåðäå «Àñïàðà ұëû Ýð Òàðғûë» [3,95] äåë³íñå, òàғû á³ð òұñûíäà «Қàçàí ұëû Ýð Òàðғûë» äåéä³ [3,79]. Òàðèõè Åð Òàðғûííûң Åä³ãå ұðïàғû åêåí³í æûðëàðäàғû әêåñ³í³ң àòûíà қàðàï àéûðó ìүìê³í åìåñ.

Àêàäåìèê Ñ.Қàñқàáàñîâ «Қûðûìíûң қûðûқ áàòûðû» òàðèõè òұòàñòàíó áàðûñûíäà өì³ðäå áîëғàí àäàìäàðìåí қàòàð æûðғà øåæ³ðåë³ê ñèïàò áåðó ìàқñàòûìåí өì³ðäå áîëìàғàí ê³ñ³ëåðä³ äå ñþæåòêå åíã³çãåí» – äåï òүé³íäåéä³. Áұë òүé³íí³ң өç³ ýïîñòûң æàíðëûқ өçãåøåë³ã³íå áàéëàíûñòû қîðûòûëғàí îé. Ýïîñòûң өçãå æàíðëàðäàí өçãåøåë³êòåð³í³ң á³ð³ – ìұíäàғû êåé³ïêåðëåðä³ң àòû-æөí³  àñà ìàңûçäû íәðñå åìåñ. Áұғàí àéғàқ ðåò³íäå қàçàқòàð àðàñûíäà êåң òàðàғàí «Қîáûëàíäû áàòûð» æûðûí àëóғà áîëàäû [7,326].

      Òұòàñòàíғàí «Қàðàñàé-Қàçè» æûðûíûң àÿғû қàһàðìàíäûқ ýïîñòàð çàңäûëûғûíà ñàé æàқñûëûқïåí á³òñå, «Әä³ë ñұëòàí» æûðûíûң Îðûíáîð íұñқàñû ìåí íîғàé âåðñèÿñû íұñқàëàðû òðàãåäèÿìåí, ÿғíè Әä³ë ñұëòàííûң өë³ì³ìåí àÿқòàëàäû.

        Ұëòòûқ âåðñèÿëàðäû ñàëûñòûðà çåðòòåóëåð– æûðëàðäûң ғàíà åìåñ, òàòàð, áàøқұðòòûң, өçáåê ïåí қàðàқàëïàқòûң, íîғàéëàðäûң (қûðûìëû-íîғàé, ñàðû íîғàé, қàðà íîғàé ò.á.), қàçàқòàðäûң òүá³ á³ð åêåí³í àéғàқòàï òұð.

 

Ïàéäàëàíûëғàí әäåáèåòòåð ò³ç³ì³

1. Èñèí À.È.   «Әä³ë ñұëòàí» ýïèêàëûқ æûðû. – Àëìàòû, 2001.– 148 á.

2.Êүðæ³ìàíұëû Қàøàғàí. Òîïàí. – Àëìàòû: Æàçóøû, 1991. – 176 á.

3.Íîãàéäûíú êûðê áàüòèðè. Ýäèãå. – Ìàõà÷êàëà, 1991. – 158 áåò.

4.Ðûìғàëè Íұðғàëè. Әäåáèåò òåîðèÿñû. Àñòàíà:Ôîëèàíò,2003. –344 á.

5. Èìàíғàëèåâ Õ. «Қàðàñàé-Қàçè» // Êîìïëåêò èç 4-õ ïëàñòèíîê. Ìîíî Ì 30 48425-30008; Ì 30 48435-36008. «Ìåëîäèÿ», 1988.

6. Áàéғàíèí Í. Åñòåë³êòåð. Òàңäàìàëû øûғàðìàëàð. – Àëìàòû, 2006.

7.Íұðìàғàíáåòîâà Î. Қàçàқòûң қàһàðìàíäûқ æûðû «Қîáûëàíäû áàòûð» – Àëìàòû:Äåøò³ Қûïøàқ, 2003. – 480 á.