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Boroday I., Felenchak K.
Institute
of animals breeding and genetics, Ukraine
THE INNOVATIVE WORK
OF SCIENTISTS OF THE INSTITUTE OF ANIMALS BREEDING AND
GENETICS
Nowadays the awareness and perception of innovations as a specific product
is still far from the necessary and actual provision of strategic transition to
implementation of innovative models of development in agricultural production.
However, so far, in spite of undeniable importance directions of agricultural
science building on the innovative basis have developed only in some
institutions. Significant changes in the agricultural sector of economy,
changes in economic and marketing, legal and information environment on the
background of globalization at the present level require real and practical
implementation of innovative directions.
A significant contribution to the development of
livestock breeding on the innovative basis has made scientists of the Institute
of animals breeding and genetics. Formation of the institution coincided in
time with fundamental transformations of national genpool of cattle breeds. The
staff of the institute developed the latest theory and methodology of breed
formation, the main conceptual points of which are in the basis of national
programs of breeding of high-productive specialized cattle strains and types.
Its strategic goal was involvement of the world's best genpool and almost
complete preservation of positive qualities of local breeds using sophisticated
reproductive crossbreeding. Last twenty years are known for approbation and
recognition of Ukrainian red-motley and black motley, red and brown dairy
breeds, Ukrainian, Volynsky, Polisky and Southern beef breeds of cattle as
selection achievements. At present time the efforts of scientists of the
Institute are focused on the breeding of Simmentalsky beef breed, which is at
the final stage. All these breeding innovations meet European standards in
their genetic potential.
Scientists of the Institute of animals breeding
and genetics also developed a new theoretical concept of the consolidation
process of heredity of local animals during the inbreeding and reproductive
crossbreeding. The following is recommended: 1) methods for their analysis at
the chromosomal level; 2) the hypothesis about the manifestation of heterosis
effect of local animals and reasons for its extinction in generations during
their inbreeding; 3) a new system of selection of local bulls during the
implementation of reproductive crossbreeding in cattle breeding, which combines
the positive elements of crosses inbreeding with the constant involvement of
world’s best genpool, which enables to increase the genetic potential of
breed’s productivity systematically. An original methodology of determining the
degree of phenotypic consolidation of animals’ genealogical groups and a new
classification system of cattle according to the type of constitution is
developed.
Although the main work of the Institute is
focused on theoretical and practical researches in breeding and selection of
farm animals, considerable achievements in solving the problems of genetics and
biotechnology are made. For example, effective technologies of fertilizers’
chromosome control and cryopreservation of sperm of farm animals are developed
and implemented into production. Some years ago they were rewarded with the
State Award of USSR Council of Ministers.
The team of geneticists and biotechnologists of the Institute improved the
technology of getting in vitro fetuses of farm animals. The method of
cryopreservation of spermatozoa, obtained from the tail of the epididymis of
bulls and boars, is developed. Due to the usage of such gametes high results in
fertilization outside the body of in vitro matured oocytes of cows and pigs
(67,5 and 60,6% respectively) are got and in vitro embryos at preimplantation
developmental stages (62,9 and 52,8% respectively) are obtained. This method
can be used: 1) for lifetime prediction of fertilizing ability of fertilizers with the usage of epididymal spermatozoa; 2) for additional preservation of
valuable genetic material if there is a need for fertilizers’ culling; 3) for
enrichment of the genpool of world populations of selected animals, restoring
of their quantity, creation of commercial populations, breeding method of
introducing new blood, and also creation of new breeds of farm animals.
The development and appliance of own
methodologies of enucleating and reconstruction of embryos, activation of
embryonic evolution of cloned fetuses is ³nitiated on the base of IABG NAAS achievements. The
methodologies of cow and pig oocytes activation till the parthenogenetic
development are suggested. Optimal conditions for obtaining viable aggregation freakish embryos of cattle using fetuses of
various origins are obtained. The implementation of the transplantation method of determination of
fetuses’ sex during the lifetime is launched using differential C-banding of
chromosomes of individual blastomeres and polymerase chain reaction. The
differentially stained chromosomes of cow oocytes at different stages of
meiosis and mitotic chromosomes of cattle fetuses got in vitro are obtained,
the localization of centromere heterochromatin is found.
Scientists of the Institute were first in
world’s breeding practice to formulate scientifically based breeding approaches
to the use of genetic-biochemical principles of color marker animal breeding
during the breeding of highly productive cattle strains and sport horse breeds
of a rapid gate. On the basis of the evaluation of the stages of the melanin
systems’ biological evolution it was proved that the biosynthesis of melanin
pigments has its species, breeding and even individual structural and
functional specificity. Taking into consideration the functional features of
subgenome, which creates pigments, and is largely determined by the specific
structure and functions of melanin polymer molecule, the theoretical basis of
patterns of animal color diversity and its impact on productivity was
developed. Suggestions as for the expediency of animal breeding, taking into
account their colors and performance for a particular geographical area of
Ukraine.
In the last decade, the Institute of animals
breeding and genetics was certified as a breeding center for livestock
breeding, enterprise which assesses the quality of milk, embryos’
transplantation. In 2004, it was licensed to conduct the examination of genetic
origin and anomalies of cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and also for the storage
and realization of pedigree (genetic) resources.
Scientific institution was acting like a coordinator and co-executor
(simultaneously with other structures) of the number of scientific and
technical programs and subroutines of
NAAS 2006-2010 for creation and breeding of new strains and types of
farm animals, preservation of their genpool using modern methods of
biotechnology.
According to the Decree of the Presidium of NAAS since March 11, 2004 the
Institute of animals breeding and genetics is the main institution of the
organization and implementation of a new scientific and technical program
"Preservation of the animal genpool", on the realization of tasks of
which the efforts of 11 institutes are directed. The establishment of the
Institute’s national bank of genetic resources of farm animals with branches in
the regions of Ukraine, referred to research facilities, which are considered
to be national treasures, is directed on the execution of this task. Now the
bank has more than 137 thousand high-value doses of sperm from 210 best
fertilizers of 27 breeds of cattle. Approximately 3800 doses of epididymal
spermatozoa of boars, horses and carp sex cells and cattle embryos were
obtained and incorporated in storage. In addition, blood samples of 22 cattle,
8 breeds of horses and 3 breeds of pigs were frozen for DNA testing.
Institute of animals breeding and genetics closely cooperates with the
Department of Livestock Markets, the Chief State Pedigree Inspection of the
Ministry of Agriculture, National Association of livestock breeding
“Ukrplemobyednannya”, State Scientific-Production Concern
"Selection". It also conducts joint researches with institutes of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, with higher educational institutions
of the agrarian profile. In particular, the unique innovative project was
developed jointly with O. Chuiko Institute of surface chemistry NAS of Ukraine:
"To develop embryotehnological system of rational use and conservation of
animal genetic resources on the basis of the application of nanobiomaterials.
Its goal is to introduce an embryotehnological system of preservation of the
genpool of pigs using nanobiomaterials in the environments of
the gametes’ and embryos’ cultivation. It will enable you to improve domestic
precision methods of cell engineering by in vitro analysis of early pigs’
embryogenesis. Nanobiomaterials for reproductive biotechnology of farm animals
will be upgraded using high dispersible silica and biomolecules.
The
closer cooperation
of Ukraine with
world and European structures confirms the
correctness
of the
scientists’ selected
course for the logical
combination, complex application of innovative methods of genetics, breeding, biotechnology
in the improvement of the animal genpool. It is necessary to note that
scientists of the Institute
cooperate and conduct joint researches with scientific institutions,
companies and
associations of
foreign countries: Belarus, Kazakhstan,
Moldova, Poland, Russia, USA, Czech Republic and others. For example, in
2006 the developments of the Institute of
biotechnological problems
were presented at
the international exhibition "Bio 2006
"(Chicago, USA). In 2002, scientists of
the Institute
participated in
the international regional
training seminar "The state of the world's
animal genetic resources" (under the
aegis of the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO and
the World Association of livestock (WAAP).
International, national and regional meetings,
conferences, discussions on
burning problems of breeding, genetics and biotechnology of farm animal
reproduction are hold regularly on the basis of achievements of the Institute
of Animal Breeding and Genetics. There are annual seminars and training of
specialists in agricultural production.
Institute’s scientists, carrying out high-level fundamental and applied
research, make a significant contribution into the scientific, technical and
spiritual progress of Ukraine. During the period of the institution’s work its
employees received 115 protective documents on inventions and 32 on breeding
achievements. Modern innovative competitive technological processes, protected
by 28 patents and recommended for commercial sale, are an essential part of
inventions. The vast majority of inventions are sufficiently competitive in
terms of modern agricultural production that provides their efficient transfer
into production according to the commercial agreements. We would like to pay
particular attention to such scientific developments, secured by protective
documents, as: 1) cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa of boars, 2)
method for increasing milk productivity of cows; 3) method of determination of
chromosomal stability and translocations, controlling the high multifetalis of pigs of myrgorodsky breeds.
Now the staff of the Institute is
working on solving such urgent tasks as:
Ø legislative and regulatory provision
of branch according to the European standards;
Ø
organization
of genealogical structure of domestic breeds and their genetic certification
using polymerase chain reaction;
Ø
completion
of regulatory and technological provision of the beginning of work of national
controller-assistant and expert-boniteri services;
Ø
implementation
in state scales of a single estimation system of pedigree values of animals
based on the work of control and test stations, independent examination of the
quantity and quality of products and global computerization;
Ø
implementation
of the developed methods of conservation of genetic resources of farm animals;
Ø
continuation
of biotechnological experimental works in order to accelerate the rate of
breeding and reproduction of animals with good combination of the most
important economic useful qualities;
Ø
full
disclosure of all aspects of the phenomenon of reproductive ability of animals
to adjust the appropriate process parameters;
Ø processing the most effective economic levers of
competitive pedigree livestock breeding in Ukraine.
Thus, the staff of the Institute of animals
breeding and genetics NAAS did its best to build an innovative model of
livestock breeding development. Chosen course of logical combination, complex
use of modern methods of genetics, breeding and biotechnology in order to
improve the animal genpool are a real basis for innovative development and
creation of attractive investment image of the branch.