Технические науки/6. Электротехника и радиоэлектроника

Горбина М. А. (ст. преп.), Кузнецов И. А. (студ.)

Южно-Российский государственный университет экономики и сервиса

3D evolution. From stereoscopy to holography.

Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.

Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing; they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of spaceships and help the people to discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and researchers on living organisms became possible due to electronics.

Today we everywhere hear about 3D technology. 3D graphics, 3D reality, 3D cinema and 3D computer games.

Stereo effect. Stereoscopy.

The way of 3D effects can be traced from some inventions. In 1844 David Brewster invented the Stereoscope. It was a new invention that could take photographic images in 3D. Later, Louis Jules Duboscq took that invention and improved it: he took a picture of Queen Victoria using the improved technology and displayed it at the Great Exhibition in 1851.

3D effects in multimedia industry began in early 20th century, when television first started gaining enormous popularity. Filmmakers found a new way to display their movies and had a profit. They began to use stereoscopy technology to show movies in three dimensions. In this technology movies were broadcast on two separate screens. Viewers used special glasses to merging the two images and creating the illusion of 3D. In our days, this technology is used in Stereoscopic 3d-displays and cinemas which form separate images for each eye, and viewers see movie in glasses with lenses of opposite colors, or special Polarizing glasses. When combined with a pair of corresponding film strips, viewers achieve the 3D effect.

In 1970, Allan Silliphant and Chris Condon developed Stereovision. This was a new 3D technology that put two images squeezed together side by side on a single strip of 35 mm film. This technology used a special anamorphic lens that would widen the picture using a series of Polaroid filters.

Also, there is another type of stereoscopy - it is auto stereoscopy technology. There are not special glasses and additional accessories. This displays form stereo effect by a direction of the necessary beam of light in the necessary eye. But these displays have some minuses: the stereo effect is not working, if viewer exits from limited «zone of safe viewing». There are different approaches to the solution of the problem, for example, the detector of position of the spectator head.

Finally, it can be observed, that technologies with stereo effect is not really 3 dimensions, as we imagine and technologies have small field using and take place in cinema and other entertainments. Another technology of 3d viewing is Holography.

3D Holograms.

The holograms opened in 1947, and invented in 1960 with the invention of the laser. The method of 3D holography discovered by Yuri Denisyuk in 1962.

Hologram is an image registered with use of coherent laser light. It allows preserving the 3-D information of a photographed subject. With a single source of white light, the image is "played back" and appears in 3-D exactly as it was registered in the studio. Image can project deep inside, or "stick" out of the picture.

Today, scientists and the companies of the different countries develop some technologies of three-dimensional holograms which can shortly provide effect of telepresence and 3D video conferences. By one of these technologies the actual holographic (three-dimensional) images have been transmitted from one location to another in real-time with a refresh rate of 1-2 seconds. At the heart of the technology is a new plastic material where the image gets displayed. To deliver images to the photorefractive polymer, 16 cameras take simultaneous pictures of a real scene every second. These images are combined into a package of data and sent via the internet to the holographic system. Each package of data is encoded into special lasers, which pattern hogels (holographic pixels) onto the polymer, creating the 3-D image in the other location. These hogels are updated continuously.

The setup allows a person to view the hologram at 16 different angles, so as you shift to the left or the right or move your head up or down.

The ability to replicate a 3- dimensional image into a space holds a lot of attraction for television, medicine, education and telecommunications.

With development of technology of 3D holograms, in the nearest future the science fiction concept of a 3- dimensional image being projected into a space may take place, but the reality is that today this technology is not a science fact.

So, nowadays 3D technologies become more and more popular because of developing entertainment sphere. Progress of digital technologies makes 3D-systems more available. That’s why each customer will be able to buy it. Unfortunately, our TV infrastructure is not ready to broadcast HD (high definition) video. Besides, there is the necessity in TV-systems and displays which demand modern standards. For example, if you want to watch 3D-film (1080 p) you should use TV-system providing double definition (2160 p).

The future comes to every home. Technologies which we couldn’t imagine only yesterday have become a reality nowadays. 3D-television provides new possibilities in different spheres.

The times change and the humanity constantly discovers something new. The television evolves with the humanity. It has done a big step from monochromic silent film to 3D-television.