CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF OBJECTS PROTECTED GROUND

Mukatay N., Atyhanov A.K., Rozi Amut., Ospanov A.T.

Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

6D080600-Agricultural Engineering and Technology

nureke_phd@mail.ru Tel:8702-166-3-99

To plants in protected ground are artificial agricultural buildings where year-round cultivation of vegetables. The most perfect type of cultivation constructions protected ground are greenhouses. This is due to the fact. They allow you to do all agricultural activities without compromising the integrity of the fences and the widely use of various mechanisms for the care of plants. Further, in object of the thermal management we consider the block glasshouse. According to the source of the greenhouse frame are classified as transparent barriers. Heat loss through cultivation facilities is directly proportional to the surface area of the glazing and the temperature difference. So to date we are searching for materials that have good "transparent" as glass for optical radiation, and at the same time, which is a good heat insulator. For example, as such material can be used polycarbonate plates.

Existing greenhouses industrial type can be classified on a number of operational and construction features: by appointment seasonality, growing technology, the type of material of the frame and translucent fencing, spacebar heating and ventilation [1].

The purpose of the greenhouse is divided into vegetable and seedling, and a seedling greenhouse for growing seedlings for open and protected ground differ in technological equipment and design of ventilation systems.

Duration: all year (winter) and seasonal (operated in spring, summer and autumn). As a rule, the greenhouse frame is installed in a permanent place. With the exception of mobile greenhouses, widely spread in some North-Western regions for growing seedlings and early greens of perennial vegetable crops.

On cultivation distinguish rack, estelline (soil) and hydroponic greenhouses. In turn, the hydroponic greenhouses can be fitted with different equipment in accordance with the method of growing. There are greenhouses with traditional, classical way of supplying the nutrient solution by the method of flooding in which plants are grown in a concrete sealed trays or racks filled with granite gravel or expanded clay.

In recent times the wide spread of various methods of small-scale culture of growing plants in peat-based substrate with the use of drip irrigation systems, running water and aerovega culture, aeroponic culture, etc.

As the material of the frame used in greenhouses galvanized steel and aluminum profiles, wooden laminated elements.

In appearance translucent fencing greenhouses are divided into glass and film greenhouses with a coating of hard polymer materials. Film cover film in one or two layers. To save energy, apply special dual-layer rigid polymer materials with an air gap between the layers 5-25 see.

On design and planning decisions greenhouses can be divided into agrarian and block, according to the sectional profile to lean with equal and unequal slopes, with flat, cylindrical and hyperbolic rays.

The greenhouse is the most advanced type of cultivation constructions protected ground. Significant difference greenhouses from other types of plants in protected ground - the ability to create favorable conditions not only for growing plants, but also for staff and technological equipment. As a result, greenhouses increase the productivity of labor and production culture, disappears the seasonal nature of agricultural work. In the greenhouse, in contrast to the small shelters and greenhouses can without compromising the integrity of the fencing to perform all agricultural activities, as well as widely used various mechanisms to care for the plants.

One of the first types of greenhouses Klin was a greenhouse. She had a blank North wall and lean-to glass roof, facing South [2]. This design provided a good thermal insulation and lighting in the winter months. Greenhouses of similar design and is currently widely accepted and recommended for construction on private land. One of the options shed buried in the ground of the greenhouse is shown in (figure 1).

Figure 1 - Winter lean-to greenhouse.

1 - pillars; 2 - cladding of the slab; 3 - rail; 4 - greenhouse frame; 5 - facilities; 6 - saw; 7 - roofing; 8 - earth backfilling; 9 - rack; 10 duct; 11 - slope; 12 - resistant Board; 13 - low tide; 14 - a box of seedlings.

In the future, as we increase the area of greenhouses lean-to greenhouses gave way to the gable of the hangar [3]. They do not have any internal supports. A typical example of such greenhouses to individual owners is a winter greenhouse with a gable roof of the greenhouse frames (figure 2).

Figure 2 - Winter gable greenhouse.

1 - wall; 2 - Foundation; 3-rafters; 4 - ridge bar; 5 - wrap timber; 6 - groove for the stop frame; 7 - low tide; 8 - rack; 9 -rack; 10 - the gap between the wall and the rack; 11 -chimney

Along with gable hangar greenhouses with flat slopes, widespread greenhouses, the sectional profile of which is close to the arc of a circle or is a broken line (polygonal profile). As a rule, these greenhouses are coated with a film of polymeric material (figure 3) [4].

Figure 3 - Arched greenhouse for personal use

However, the cylindrical shape of the possible accumulation of water and snow in the upper area of the roof, the formation of "bags" and as a result, the shading of plants and the destruction of the coating. Therefore, a more preferred hyperbolic or arrow-shaped form of the roof (figure 4).

Figure 4 - Modification of the frames of the Finnish greenhouses

Block greenhouses include an arbitrary amount of hangar [5]. The walls between adjacent greenhouses eliminated, leaving only the supporting stand. Change the size of the greenhouse is possible by increasing the number of sections and their length, which is not treparel any significant changes in the design. This feature is widely used in practice, when based on a standardized kit of parts to create the greenhouse area of 50 - 6000 m2.

We offer underground thermos – greenhouse

Underground thermos - greenhouse has been installed in the training and production phase of Zhetysu state University named I. Zhansugurov, Almaty region Taldykorgan. (Fig. 5).

Figure - 5. Undergroundgreenhousethermos.

1 – polycarbonate , 2 – brick, 3 – reinforced concrete wall , 4 - light reflective material.

The main feature of the greenhouse and the thermos is economical in its consumption of energy for heating. Of course greater efficiency savings depends on how buried this greenhouse in the ground.

Although the greenhouse thermos can build not buried, but the best effect to retain heat in the greenhouse is achieved if the greenhouse is partially or completely embedded in soil. From this stems the second feature is that the greenhouse is constructed as a trench.

The third feature reflective wall, which is created in the greenhouse increased illumination. In cloudy weather, this greenhouse is lighter in respectively 2 times higher than in open areas. This gives an advantage over other greenhouses in the wintering period, as in Sunny weather the heat inside is supported by solar energy.

The fourth feature is due to the bright lighting and constant temperature without fluctuations is achieved yield increases of more than 30%.

Through energy-saving technologies to decrease costs by 45%, which contributes to a rapid payback in 2-3 years.

The measures, techniques for installation and fastening of sheets from polycarbonate, ensuring sufficient tightness of connections and eliminates the possibility of heat loss.

Recommendations for the care of the soil in the greenhouse and lighting parameters. The use of solar energy for energy supply will help to replace from 20 to 60% of the thermal load on the objects of agriculture, depending on climatic location, to exclude the cost of shipping fossil fuels (important for remote users), to prevent pollution of the environment and agricultural products.

Conclusion

In conditions of increased requirements for new construction presented in this paper a factor analysis of various greenhouse designs will make the right choice taking into account the construction of greenhouses with reliability, safety and long-term operating prospects.

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2. Designing of the complex electrification. Edited by L. Prishchep GM: Kolos.-2003.-270 with.

3. The climatic factors and thermal conditions in the open and protected ground. Kurtner TA .. Uskov I-B.- L .: Gidrometeoizdat. 2002

4. Goncharuk, Lebl New directions in automation warm microclimate. // Mechanization and electrification of SH 2003.

5. Ways to reduce energy consumption for heating greenhouses. // Technique milestones. 2013.