Doctor of Economics, professor Dulambaeva R.T., Nurbai A. E.

Kazakh national University named after al – Farabi, Kazakhstan

The impact of human capital on the competitiveness of the national economy

Currently, the economy is no exact definition of human capital, respectively, and there is no structure. In the understanding of the human capital structure can be identified: knowledge came from school or activities, practice, ability, competence. The concept of human capital can be seen in the 3 modes of - biological, social, economic.

The founders of the human capital theory are Theodore Schultz and Gary Becker. They have given a narrow meaning of the concept of human capital, but it extends to the present day. In a narrow sense, human capital - is intelligence, health, knowledge, quality and productive work, quality of life [1].

Human capital in nature and structure is a rich set of potential human resources, which is not sufficiently explored and is the subject of a comprehensive study.

The problem of assessing the state of human capital is one of the unsolved problems of economic theory. The power of the concept of human capital, theoretical and practical, is adjacent to the lack of tools and indicators to measure it [2].

The need to address this problem is becoming more obvious and is dictated by the urgent needs of solving global economic problems faced by humanity in the transition to a new stage of civilization, called the emergence of the information society, knowledge-based economy, the new economy.

The most modern methodological approach to assessing the state of human capital in the conditions of formation of competitiveness of the country - the measurement of human capital and national competitiveness through indexes.

In assessing the state of human capital in the conditions of formation of competitiveness of the country's most important are the two main index - the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). Let us consider the structure and the method of calculating each of the indices.

Human capital is a complex economic category, has a qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Many scientists, economists at various times suggested for that use a variety of methods and measurement approaches. At the present time to evaluate it using aggregate - human development index, previously known as the Human Development Index.

The Human Development Index - a composite indicator of the human development in the countries and regions of the world. Every year is calculated by experts of the United Nations Development Programme in collaboration with a group of independent international experts who use in their work, along with the analytical development, statistics, national institutions and international organizations. Used in a special series of publications UNDP Human Development Report, Purlik 1990.

The Human Development Index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq. The basis of the Index does not put subjective expert assessment, and real numerical indicators taken from official sources, so it is believed that it is relatively objective and amenable to verification [3].

Since 2010, the basic components for the calculation of the HDI is:

· life expectancy;

· per capital GNI;

· the average length of education;

· expected years of schooling.

The Human Development Index is a summary measure of human development. It shows the average level of the country's achievements in three basic dimensions of human development: longevity and health, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living.

To convert indexes in the index with a scale from 0 to 1, set the minimum and maximum value (or targets).

After determining the minimum and maximum values for the calculation of indices is made according to the following formula:

Human development index a particular country depends on the following three factors:

1. Index of life expectancy, which is calculated by the formula:

LEI=

Where, LE - life expectancy.

2. Education Index, which is calculated by the formula:

EI=

MYS – the average length of education

MYSI=

EYS – expected years of schooling.

EYSI=

3. Income Index:

II=

GNIpc – per capital GNI.

Thus, the HDI is the geometric mean of these three indices:

HDI =

Another important index is the Global Competitiveness Index - a global research and accompanying ranking of countries in terms of economic competitiveness in the world. Calculated in accordance with the World Economic Forum, based on a combination of public statistics and the results of a global survey of business executives - a comprehensive annual survey conducted by the World Economic Forum together with its network of partner organizations - the leading research institutes and organizations in the countries analyzed in the report. A study carried out in 2004 and currently represents the most comprehensive set of indicators of competitiveness in various countries of the world.

The World Economic Forum defines competitiveness as the country's national power and its institutions to ensure stable economic growth, which would be stable in the medium term.

Global Competitiveness Index has been created for the World Economic Forum, a professor at Columbia University Xavier Sala-i-Martin and was first published in 2004.

Global Competitiveness Index is composed of 113 variables that describe in detail the competitiveness of countries at different levels of economic development. All the variables grouped into 12 benchmarks that determine national competitiveness: quality of institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic stability, health and primary education, higher education and training, goods market efficiency and services, labor market efficiency, financial market sophistication, the level of technological development, the size of the domestic market, companies' competitiveness, innovation potential.

The methodology of the World Economic Forum uses the following formula:

Table 1 - rating and the Global Competitiveness Index and the Index of Human Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for a five-year period, 2011-2015.

Year	GCI		HDI
	Rating	Index	Rating	Index
2011	72 (142)	4,2	68 (187)	0,745
2012	51 (144)	4,38	69 (187)	0,754
2013	50 (144)	4,4	70 (187)	0,757
2014	50 (144)	4,42	70 (187)	0,757
2015	42 (140)	4,49	56 (187)	0,788
Note - Source: compiled on the basis of the author [4, 5, 6].

Currently, the level of competitiveness of the national economy is presented as its "business card". To prove the hypothesis that human capital is a key factor in improving the competitiveness of the national economy, it is necessary to identify the correlation between the competitiveness of the national economy and the level of development of its human capital. You can use the calculation method of Spearman's rank correlation:

Now human capital is considered as a complex, intense factor in the development of economy and society, which is directly proportional to affect the level of national competitiveness, includes a set of knowledge, skills and human resources skills, accumulated on the basis of educational, scientific, cultural, innovative and personal human development capable of ensuring the well-being of the nation, economic stability, growth and the country's high ranking in the international economic environment.

The advantages of Kazakhstan are a flexible and efficient labor market and relatively stable macroeconomic situation. At the same time the country's main problems are related to health and primary education systems, the development of the business environment and low levels of innovation.

References

1. Доклад о человеческом развитии 2010. Реальное богатство пути к развитию человека / ПРООН. – М.: Изд-во Весь Мир, 2010. – 244с.

2. Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатсва народов. – М.:Эскмо, 2007. – 320 с.

3. Трошин А.В., «Человеческий капитал как фактор развития инновационной экономики России» // Современная экономика: проблемы и решения. № 9 (9). – М., 2010. – с.49-53

4. ПРООН / Главная / Развитие/ http://www.nac.gov.kz/news/analytics/1101/

5. ПРООН / Главная / Развитие/ http://ortcom.kz/ru/news/proon-indeks-razvitiya-chelovecheskogo-potentsiala-kazahstana.1974

6. ПРООН / Главная / Развитие/ http://www.nac.gov.kz/news/analytics/Analysis%20of%20Kazakhstans%20rating%20in%20Global%20Competitiveness%20Index%20(GCI)%202014-2015.pdf