Pernebekova
Aigerim
Turekhanova
Gulzhanar
Kazakhstan
International
experience of tourism management
In recent years, the tourism industry began its rapid
development in all countries of the world. Getting acquainted with the
experience of various foreign countries, we can see that the success of the
development of tourism business is largely dependent on how the industry is
perceived at the national level, and how public institutions to support this
industry. In order to receive income from the tourism business any civilized
state should invest significant resources for the study of their territories in
order to assess the tourism potential. Government programs should contribute to
the development of tourism business, the development of tourist centers, the
establishment and development of necessary infrastructure, as well as
advertising and information support.[1]
Experience shows that the private sector will never be
able to make large investments for the development of spa tourism enterprises,
as well as the main elements of the tourism infrastructure, it can not afford
to carry out the functions of the National Tourism Administration. In countries
with a developed tourism business there are some organizations that are
subject, as a rule, the ministries that are engaged in the development of
national tourism development program. Wear these organizations different names,
so the UK is VTA (British Nourist Authority), in Italy - ENIT, Ireland - Irish
Board, in Spain - Turespana, Norway - NOTRA. These organizations have their
offices on tourism in other countries. These organizations develop programs
that will attract tourism flows and provide tourism information.
Governmental
regulation of the tourism industry-it's impact of the state on economic
entities and the market situation to ensure normal conditions of functioning of
the market mechanism, the implementation of governmental socio-economical
priorities and develop aunified concept of the tourism sector. This is a
complex process that includes the procedure for the development of public
policy of regulation tourism industry, substantiation its goals, objectives,
main tendencies, selection of tools and methods for its implementation.[2]
Specific
difference between the current market model with elements of governmental
regulation of tourism industry from other sectors of the economy is that in the
regulation of the industry involved community organizations, represented by
tourism associations.
The
content of government regulation of tourism industry is determined by the
objective of the government authorities, as well as the tools available to the
government in carrying out this policy. It should also be noted that in some
countries, government policies in the tourism sector often does not stand out
and integrated into other sectors of the economy, such as industrial policy, a
policy of balance of payments, etc. However, this approach is inevitably lost
the target orientation of regulation of tourism industry.[3]
Government
planning of the tourism industry is the basis for managing tourism.
To
date, it has developed several approaches to organizational process of state
regulation of tourism. Since in many countries with developed market economies,
government regulation is completely absent, and the market actors themselves
exercise operational control. In those countries where there is government
regulation of the market of tourist services, the two models are used - there
are special public authorities or bodies perform multi-regulation.[4]
Now
let's look at how public institutions are the example of several countries.
1. In Austria, the
tourist industry is supervised by the Ministry of Economy. Advertising of
tourist opportunities of the state carries out the Austrian National Tourist
Office, which has its offices in 26 countries.
2. In the UK tourism
sphere led by the Ministry of culture, entertainment and sports, which reports
directly to the body which is responsible for tourism - British Nourist
Authority (BTA). This organization is engaged in attracting foreign tourist
flows to the UK, as well as engaged in the development of domestic tourism. In
addition, the organization shall consult with the Government and other
government agencies involved in the tourism sector. To do this, advertising
campaigns conducted on the initiative of the administration outside the country
through its network of offices and representatives. Also for these purposes the
press, radio, TV. The administration has been organizing international
conferences, providing consulting and marketing services for international
tourism and is engaged in publishing various information and reference
materials. At its organizational-legal form of BTA it is also of private
institution that provides along with traditional activities in foreign markets
a number of fee-based marketing and consulting services, organizes seminars and
exhibitions, a number of projects involving foreign capital, publishes and
sells guidebooks, videos and other advertising and information products. The
head of BTA Board of Directors, which consists of five members and the
president. In the state of the organization, there are about 300 employees, of
which approximately one-third of working directly in London and the rest are
working in 26 missions abroad. About 68% of the necessary funds BTA receives
from the state budget.[5]
3. In Germany, the organization of tourist business by the National
Tourist Board of the Ministry of Economy, which is responsible for the
promotion of tourist product in Germany and an increase in tourist flows to the
country. Representative of this committee operating in 27 countries around the
world.
4. The Israel Ministry of Tourism is working. In 2007, the
organization's budget amounted to 150 mln. US dollars. These funds were used to
finance the various activities that are associated with the presentation,
information, exhibition activities in all countries of the world. Also, some of
these funds are spent on conducting various conferences, organization
consulting services, publication of promotional materials and brochures.
5. In Indonesia, a
special operating agency of Tourism, which has broad powers in the field of
protection of the rights of tourists. So the country has a tourist police,
which carries out supervision and control over all enterprises in the tourism
business. In addition, it is directly involved in the resolution of conflicts
which participants are foreign tourists.
6. In Italy, the 1983
law was enacted for the improvement and development of the tourism and
hospitality industry. The law defines the main tourist business management
agencies at the regional level and how they shall function. We give a clear
definition of a tourist enterprise and its conditions of registration. Also,
the law determined by the classification of the hotel industry, set out a
number of conditions under which the tourist bureau, transport and public associations
are allowed to engage in tourism business. In addition, the law regulates the
activities of professionals in the tourism sector, defines the measures to
support the tourism business with the state. Department of tourism is part of
the Ministry of Productive Activities. The Department is responsible for
coordinating the activities of regional tourist offices, industry is developing
a regulatory document of national character, it examines and processes
statistical data. The international activities of the Department is
establishing inter-governmental agreements and relationships with other
international tourist organizations. The powers of local governments have
broad. They are responsible for all aspects of licensing of tourist activity on
its territory, the classification of hotels have the right to advertise and
promote their tourist products both domestically and abroad. But, nevertheless,
a major role in the representation of Italy in the international tourist market
given to the National Tourist Board (ENIT). The main function of this
organization is the organization of advertising and informational work, market
research, coordination of foreign and local tourist organizations. ENIT is
subject to the Department of Tourism and its activities are fully financed from
the state budget.[6]
And Kazakhstan
tourism industry’s development prospects are highly dependent on increase of
governmental regulation of tourism sector on the national level, which must be
combined with a modern promoting strategy of regional tourism products. Over
the past decade has seen increased interest from the government to the tourism
industry. This is confirmed by the following facts:
1) adoption of the June 13, 2001 “Law on
tourism activity”;
2) decree of the President of the Republic
of Kazakhstan of December 29, 2006 N 231 “On state program of tourism
development in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2007-2011”;
3) the adoption of RK’s Government
resolution dated June 25, 2005 “On approval of the creation and development of
pilot clusters in priority sectors of the economy”, in their number went
tourism;
4) increasing the size of investment in
the tourism industry, for instance, from 25, 7 bn. tenge in 2007 to 63 billion
tenge in 2008.
5) One of the largest expos in the
world “EXPO – 2017”[7]
Literature:
1.
Chaney, L.H. & Martin, J.S. (2007) Intercultural Business
Communication 4th edition Upper Saddle River, Prenhall
2.
Charlesworth, Z. (2007) Educating International Hospitality Students and
Managers: The Role of Culture, International Journal of Contemporary
Hospitality Management Vol. 19 No. 2 pp. 133-145
3.
Ferraro, G. (2005) The Cultural Dimension of International Business 5th
edition, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Pearson/Prentice Hall
4.
Forster, N. 2000 The Myth of the ‘International Manager’, International
Journal of Human Resource Management Vol. 11 No.1 February pp. 126-142 Forster,
N. & Johnson, M. (1996) Expatriate Management Policies in UK Companies New
to the International Scene’ International Journal of Human Resource Management
Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 177-205
5.
French, R. (2007) Cross-Cultural Management in Work Organisations
London, CIPD
6.
Gudykunst, W. & Kim, Y. (2003) Communicating with Strangers. (4th
ed) Boston, Ma: McGraw-Hill.
7.
The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the touristic activity in the
Republic of Kazakhstan”