O. A. Chebotar, O. A. Glazunov, Professor

State Institution “Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Health Ministry of Ukraine”. Department of Dentistry. Faculty of Postgraduate Education.

The Salivary Glands, as a Mirror of the Overall Condition of the Body

Nowadays there is much evidence that the salivary glands, along with participation in digestion, also perform a regulatory function. O. I. Sukmansky proved that this function is performed through the development of a number of biologically active substances released into the blood and saliva, as well as through the participation of hormones of "classic" endocrine glands (steroid, thyroid, etc.) in the metabolism.

Чеботарь О.А., д. мед.н., проф. Глазунов О.А.

ГУ «Днепропетровская медицинская академия Министерства здравоохранения Украины», кафедра стоматологии ФПО.

Слюнные железы, как зеркало общего состояния организма.

В настоящее время накоплено много данных, свидетельствующих о том, что слюнные железы, наряду с участием в пищеварении, выполняют также регуляторную функцию. Эта функция существляется путем выработки ряда биологически активных веществ, поступающих в кровь и слюну, а также путем участия в метаболизме гормонов «классических» эндокринных желез.

According to modern ideas the most important depressor factor contained in the saliva and salivary gland tissues is kininogenin (kininogenase) which is a proteolytic enzyme breaking up peptide links in a specific plasma globulins, i.e kininogens.

The main biological properties of kininogenin and kinins formed by them is vascular distention and decrease of the arterial tension, increase of capillary permeability, mediation of pain and contraction of smooth muscle organs, such as uterus, intestine, etc.

In recent years, domestic and foreign scientists proved the formation of insulin-like substances by the salivary glands, and this is likely to play a certain role in the reactive response of the gland in some patients with diabetes. .[1, 3, 5].

It is found that in the case of loss of duodenal juices and pancreatic injury, salivary gland dysfunction occurs and degenerative and atrophic changes in parenchyma develop. [1, 5].

An important role in the distortion of the activity of the salivary glands is given to the state of the digestive system, as well as to their mutual influence. One of the mysteries, unsolved up to now, is the reactivity of the salivary glands in response to the pathological processes in the human body. [1, 2, 3].

A great contribution to the study of diseases of the salivary glands was introduced by Professor A. B. Denisov. He described the pathophysiological aspects of the aetiology and pathogenesis of various diseases of the salivary glands, and he also introduced experimental techniques of their study. [4, 5, 6].

The relationship of the salivary glands with endocrine and other human organs and systems is well-known, but still underinvestigated. The author V. D. Kapelyan completed the research: "Clinic, diagnostics and treatment of salivary adenosis in patients with diseases of the android glands" (experimentally-clinical research) studying the role of android glands in the development of salivary adenosis, in which the author proved that various forms of chronic orchitis lead to the development of degenerative and inflammatory processes in the salivary glands. It was found for the first time that when the sex is changed, an expressed change in salivary glands occurs, and this should be considered by patients who are willing to do such operations in the future.

It was mentioned for the first time that a dentist is a specialist who can be the first to suspect the disease of male genital organs in the early stages and refer this patient to relevant specialists.

The study of the state of the salivary glands in patients with chronic nephatony in the terminal stage was performed. It was found that in the case of kidney pathology the function of major and minor salivary glands is significantly distorted and the chemical and physiological composition of the saliva is changed which leads to the expressed changes in the mucous tunic and oral cavity.[8].

Sialodenoncus form a special group, they are diverse both in clinical and morphological structure, and in the localization process. The state of immunoglobulins and serum of the saliva in patients with malignancy in the maxillofacial area was studied, and it showed that the level of the secretory immunoglobulin is higher in patients with neglected cases of cancer in the maxillofacial area.

Professor M. M. Pozharitskaya also made a research concerning the disorders of organs and tissues of the oral cavity in the context of Sjogren disease. The author suggested original and unique treatment options for diseases of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity and teeth that occur at the Sjogren disease and syndrome. [7]

It is noted that the saliva plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the oral cavity. Hypo salivation leads to the dryness of the mucous tunic and as a result to the development and increase of dental pathology. Serious consequences of toxic sialopathy are as follows: buccal mucous membrane lesions (mucositis), bleeding, infections of various origin (bacterial, fungal, viral) that lead to the development or progression of inflammatory periodontal disease, caries, stomatitis, and other diseases [6, 7].

In chronic inflammatory processes of the salivary glands, regardless of the local clinical manifestations, the pathological process immediately spread to all the salivary glands causing structural changes throughout the glandular tissue [6].

Data describing the functional and morphological status of the major salivary glands in inflammatory processes in periglandular tissues are of great scientific interest. In her scientific work L. M. Sayapina provides rationale for the need to take health-promoting measures in the case of inflammatory diseases in periglandular tissues.

As it was mentioned above, the salivary glands have phylogenetic and ontogenetic relationship with other glands of the endocrine system, thus changes in the system of the endocrine glands of organic or functional nature affect the functional state of the salivary glands due to the fact that the latter ones are glands of the primary enzymatic treatment of food. It is known that thyroid hormones and other glands have a regulating effect on the state of the salivary glands and organs of the oral cavity, especially on their secretory function. There are reports about cooperation of salivary and thyroid glands in the metabolism of iodine of thyroid hormones. [2, 7].

The author G. A. Asiyatilov conducted a research the objective of which was to identify the peculiarities of interrelation of functional and morphological disorders of the salivary glands in different forms of thyroid dysfunction. Outcomes of the research stated that thyroid diseases in the form of hypo- and hyperthyroidism are a pathogenetic factor of expressed disorders of the secretory activity of the salivary glands. Sialosis developing due to thyroid dysfunction leads to changes in the chemical composition of the mixed saliva. The leading feature of salivary adenosis in patients with hypo- and hyperthyroidism is the decrease of salivation, increase of the viscosity of saliva, etc.

The influence of the working conditions of workers in the iron ore industry to the buccal mucous membrane is proven in the scientific research of A. A. Gruzdeva, 2002. In her Candidate's dissertation "Clinical and morphological characteristics and treatment of buccal mucous membrane lesions in the iron ore industry workers," the author noted that the components of the mine dust have irritant, traumatic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic effect on the buccal mucous membrane.

Bibliography

1. V. V. Afanasyev. Atlas of diseases and distortions of salivary glands / V. V. Afanasiev, M. P. Abdusalamov: – Moscow: The All-Russian Academic and Methodological Center of Russian Federal Service on Surveillance in Healthcare, 2008. – 191 p.

2. V. V. Afanasyev. The role of concomitant diseases in the etiology of chronic sialoadenitis / V. V. Afanasyev, I. F. Romacheva. Dentistry, 1985. – No. 1. – P. 46-48.

3. Ye. S. Vasilyeva Peculiarities of diagnosis of sialosis at chronic pancreatitis and pathology female genital sphere / Ye. S. Vasilyeva, T. N. Postnikova // Materials of Dental Conference. – Yekaterinburg. – 1993. – P. 191-192.

4. A. B. Denisov. Hypertrophy of the salivary glands. Mechanisms of development and methods of modeling. Review / A. B. Denisov // Dentistry. – 1994. – Volume 73. No. 3. – P. 124-131.

5. A. B. Denisov. Mechanism of the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract / A. B. Denisov; – Moscow: Medicine, 1997. – 187 p.

6. A. B. Denisov. Saliva and salivary glands. / A. B. Denisov; – Moscow: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. – 2009. – 293 p.

7. M. M. Pozharitskaya. Role of saliva at physiology and development of a pathological process in solid and soft tissues of oral cavity: guide / M. M. Pozharitskaya. – Moscow. – 2001. – 17 p.

8. I. F. Romacheva Diseases and distortions of salivary glands / I. F. Romacheva., L. A. Yudin, V. V. Afanasyev and others: – Moscow. Medicine, 1987. – 238 p.